Security Basics Essay Example for Free

Security Basics Essay Equipment firewalls are incorporated into the switch that sits between a PC and the Internet. They ordinarily use bundle sifting, which implies they examine parcel headers to decide their source, birthplace, goal locations and check with the current client characterized rules to cause a to permit/deny choice. . Speed: Hardware firewalls are custom-made for quicker reaction times, so it can deal with more traffic loads. Security: A firewall with its own working framework is less inclined for assaults. This thus decreases the security chance and furthermore, equipment firewalls have upgraded security controls. No Interference: Since the equipment firewall is a confined system segment, it very well may be overseen better, and doesn't load or log jam different applications. The firewall can be moved, shutdown, or reconfigured with negligible obstruction to the system. Fortinet firewall. Its the most unmistakable equipment firewall proposed by Gartner innovation inquire about gathering which is broadly utilized for Internet security. The key highlights of Fortinet equipment firewall are: Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) The IPS screens organize exercises for pernicious or undesirable conduct and can respond, continuously, to square or forestall those exercises. AntiVirus/AntiSpyware/AntiMalware The progressed Antivirus innovation guarantees ongoing assurance against a large number of assaults at the system passage. Bolster two sorts VPN (SSL, Ipsec or Site-to-site) with bi-directional substance sifting. Examines every single significant convention like SMTP, POP3, IMAP, FTP, HTTP. Programming firewalls are introduced on singular servers. They capture every association ask for and afterward decide if the solicitation is substantial or not. Programming firewall process all solicitations by utilizing the server assets. Aside from execution constraint, the product firewall has various focal points. While contrasting and the equipment firewalls, programming firewalls are simpler to design and arrangement. Through the product firewall, we can limit some particular application from the Internet. This makes the product firewall increasingly adaptable. The product firewall give clients unlimited oversight on their Internet traffic through a decent easy to understand interface that requires almost no information. Linux, CSF (ConfigServer Firewall) gives demonstrated security by means of the control boards like cPanel, DirectAdmin and Webmin. From that point, its very simple to adjust configurate records and stop, begin and restart the applications. This makes arranging and dealing with the product firewall straightforward. For windows, its prescribed to stick on with the default windows programming firewall in light of the fact that the outsider programming firewall will make the server over-burden and this prompts poor server execution. Errand 2: McAfee, Panda, Norton, AVG, and Kaspersky all gives trail adaptations to their items. Just Panda, and AGV offer free forms of their product. Trojans horse programs in registering is commonly a non-self-repeating kind of malware program containing pernicious code that, when executed, does activities controlled by the idea of the Trojan, regularly causing misfortune or burglary of information, and conceivable framework hurt. This is normally contracted incidentally when attempting to free your pc of infections through online destinations which are fakes and in truth acquaint you with one. Malevolent email connections are a route for a sender to transmit records to another client by means of email. Along these lines to garbage mail coming in your entryway at home, email clients routinely get spontaneous messages from obscure senders. These messages can regularly contain connections to malevolent sites or have connections containing noxious programming. Normally contracted from opening messages from known obscure sources. Drive-by-downloads A drive-by download alludes to the unexpected download of an infection or vindictive programming (malware) onto your PC or cell phone. A drive-by download will for the most part exploit (or â€Å"exploit†) a program, application, or working framework that is obsolete and has a security blemish. You get this by visiting sites running pernicious codes. Undertaking 3: Full Backups are-a finished reinforcement of all that you need back up. Rebuilding is amazingly quick in light of the fact that you’re just sponsorship up one set. Downside is the sponsorship up process is moderate, and requires high stockpiling. Differential Backups see which records you have changed since your last full reinforcement and afterward makes duplicates of the considerable number of documents unique in relation to thatâ one. Quicker to make than full reinforcements, reclamation is quicker than utilizing gradual reinforcement, and not as much stockpiling is required as a full reinforcements. Downsides are reclamation is more slow than a fullback, and making differential reinforcement is more slow than making a steady reinforcement. Gradual Backup-makes duplicates of the considerable number of records, or parts of documents that have changed since the past reinforcements of any kind. This technique is the quickest while making a reinforcement, and requires the leas t extra room. Disadvantages it’s the slowest for reclamation since it might require a few arrangements of information to completely reestablish. Reinforcements ought to be put away off-site in light of the fact that it’s a made sure about method of getting documents far from programmers, and potential infection, its consistently imperative to check to ensure it still practical. A cool reinforcement site is minimal in excess of a fittingly arranged space in a structure. Everything required to reestablish administration to your clients must be obtained and conveyed to the site before the procedure of recuperation can start. As you can envision, the postpone going from a chilly reinforcement site to full activity can be significant. There are the most affordable to keep up. A warm reinforcement site is as of now supplied with equipment speaking to a sensible copy of that found in your server farm. To reestablish administration, the last reinforcements from your off-site storeroom must be conveyed, and uncovered metal rebuilding finished, before the genuine work of recuperation can start. Hot reinforcement locales have a virtual identical representation of your present server farm, with all frameworks arranged and standing by just for the last reinforcements of your client information from your off-site storeroom. As you can envision, a hot reinforcement site can regularly be raised to full creation in close to a couple of hours. Hot reinforcement site are the most costly way to deal with fiasco recuperation. Errand 4: The secret phrase I decision to utilize was â€Å"Don’t stress over what life brings to you stress over how you’re going to manage it!†Dwawlbtywahygtdwi24

John Dos Passos Essays - John Dos Passos, Old Right,

John Dos Passos Pretty much every one essayist can say that they are impacted by their youth and past. Recollections flood back to them as they experience a comparable encounter or comparative circumstance in their prior years. Almost certainly a critical factor in their composition, the past from a particular author's life as a rule includes more profundity what's more, multifaceted nature to their works. Since these past encounters are from the creator's real life, the scenes and subjects identified with the subject are progressively precise and practical, and may indeed, even be all the more speaking to peruse. These past voices may show up either deliberately through the creator's works, or now and again unknowingly, guided possibly by some youth memory. All things considered, whatever the case, John Dos Passos was such a man, that showed up to have been fundamentally impacted by his past. Conceived un-established to any plot of land, his life was a strategic quest for new ground on which to develop, which can be viewed as a significant subject all through the entirety of his works. Dos Passos grew up to a tempestuous youth, being eccentrically conceived on January 14, 1896. His dad, John Randalph Dos Passos, was a noticeable lawyer and his mom, Lucy Addison Sprigg, a housewife and a fantastic mother. Since his folks were not formally hitched until in 1910, he was considered ill-conceived for around 14 years; this subject of distance is found in a large number of his compositions. More often than not spent during his youth was with his mom, who voyaged liberally, and this was where he developed nearer to his mother and begun to float away from the man he called father. His movements with his mother drove him to spots, for example, Mexico, Belgium, and England. Dos Passos' relationship with France started at the point when he was exceptionally youthful, and his insight into the language was very careful. A lot of his French ability is flaunted in his works, including Manhattan Transfer. Dos Passos first went to class in the District of Colombia. As he grew up, he invested a portion of his adolescence in Tidewater Virginia. He started going to Choate School where his first distributed compositions were articles for the Choate School News. After finishing Choate School at fifteen years old, he entered Harvard University in 1912. At Harvard, he proceeded with his news-casting by joining the Harvard Monthly. While at Harvard, he built up a nearby, dependable fellowship with E.E. Cummings. During this time at Harvard, the soul of vision cleared the nation. Dos Passos was blended by thoughts of vision and started to compose short self-portraying stories for the Harvard Monthly, which demonstrated ambiguous vision. He later graduated in June of 1916. Out of school now, Dos Passos decide to chip in for emergency vehicle obligation abroad yet his dad dismissed his thought. So rather, he chose to make his initially long visit to Spain, a nation which held interest for him for his entire life, to contemplate design. With the demise of his dad foam in 1917, he joined the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Group and cruised for France. During his voyage through obligation as an emergency vehicle driver, he worked together with a companion, Robert Hillyer, on exchange sections of a novel, what's more, after a few updates, it became One Man's Initiation - 1917. This book depended to a great extent on his own wartime encounters in France and Italy. His subsequent novel, Three Soldiers, was distributed in 1920. In 1915, Harper distributed Manhattan Transfer, a city novel in which Dos Passos initially started to utilize the trial strategies he would grow all the more completely in his significant commitments to American fiction. The subjects of this novel are common of Dos Passos' work: estrangement, depression, dissatisfaction, and loss of singularity however Manhattan Transfer was his first accomplishment at making an 'aggregate novel' where a binding together topic is passed on through different aspects of character and circumstance. (Wrenn,32) He acquired styles from Flaubert, Zola, Balzac, James Joyce, and T.S. Eliot and discovered numerous specialized and masterful thoughts in ahead of schedule twentieth century French writing. Taking portions of his life, Dos Passos blended it with his creative mind to make Manhattan Transfer what it is. The personal history is set for the most part inside the life of a single anecdotal character, Jimmy Herf, a youthful paper journalist with aspirations to turn into an author. The job of Herf was not easy to carry the creator's understanding into the novel, however most likely rather to show him as resembling a renegade, surviving deterrents that achievement order, and discovering values that counter what society feels significant. Yet in addition speaking to Dos Passos, was Armand Duval, Congo Jake, a revolutionary and peddler who figures out how to mock the law and pull off it. He represents

Book Riots Deals of the Day for November 30th, 2019

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Definition and Examples of Listemes in English

Analysis Of The Right Kind Of Care Essay - 850 Words

In the video of â€Å"The Right Kind of Care† shows various verbal and nonverbal cues. During the conversation, it appears that Darnell was much more confident and extroverted. This became a staple point of having a fluent and more comfortable interview, which made them. He expressed the qualifications he had and went into depth, which made his interview a more successful interview for both parties. However, the issue with Darnell is that he would stand out in the crowd when taking care of the grandmother. There was also some bias, as the granddaughter viewed him as attractive. The verbal from Darnell’s interview was more vocal. However, his body language made me feel as though he may not be the most truthful candidate. The granddaughter’s attraction to him created a more bias and more intrigued interaction between him. In this case, she had favoritism in mind. Vivian’s interview could have been more successful if she had gone first. During the interaction with Vivian, it felt as though it was impersonal and The relationship of the verbal and nonverbal communication is essential in our daily outlook. Our body language can express a great deal on how comfortable we are, and how our interactions go. People have little ticks that give a hint of what our true thoughts and intentions are. With a better understanding of our body language and tone, we can manipulate how other people interact with us. It can also fool a lie detector test if need be. When someone has open arms, we tendShow MoreRelatedCost Estimation And Cost Analysis1671 Words   |  7 Pagesadopting the following set of strategic approach. The key steps undertaken during the given process drives right cost estimation and those actions are as follows: ï‚ § Documenting assumptions and best estimations: the assumptions can be documented in advance and ensuring that best estimations is done using the right technique. There are various methods of effort estimation and cost analysis however the right one should be selected on basis project complexity and requirement. The documentation of assumptionsRead MoreThe Medical Field : A Wide Field1445 Words   |  6 Pagesof these legislations are put in place by the authorities makes it so hard for medical providers and the same time patients. Technology and its advancement nowadays is a key player in improving health care demands. Medical research, patient care procedures e.g radiology and others, laboratory analysis just to mention a few are some of the most important process that almost rely entirely in technology. Patient-specific virtual reality simulation(PSVR) for instance, is a new technological advancementRead MoreEthical Dilemma1463 Words   |  6 Pagesand just stay in Texas and Oklahoma. Rights and Responsibilities Ethics The purpose of this analysis is to find what alternatives are the best in promoting the respectful treatment of the people. There are two different kinds of moral right and duty’s liberty rights and welfare rights. Liberty rights are the rights of privacy, freedom of speech and the right of physical health and safety. The government fulfills welfare rights and they include the right to food, housing, education and employmentRead MoreThe Implementation of Facilities Management for Disable People at Universiti Teknologi Mara in Malaysia909 Words   |  4 PagesUniversiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM). This university is an educational institution of high standards and provide learning for indigenous students in Malaysia. In addition, the various fields of study available to students and faculty, and the college has the right infrastructure and effective. With the increase of disable person in our country, the need for access for the disable person is still insufficient and unsatisfactory, especially in the state of Johor. The term was changed to disabled people as thatRead More Murphy V. Brentwood District Council 1991 Ac 398 Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesGENERAL PRINCIPLE TO DRAW A GENERAL CONCLUSION. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1:......................................INTRODUCTION 2:......................................PRINCIPLES INVOLVED 3:......................................CRITICAL ANALYSIS 4:......................................CONCLUSION 5:......................................BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION Since the Annus case the trends rather we should say the general trends were to provide the damages to the ownerRead MoreApplication Of An Employers Liability1079 Words   |  5 PagesReferences are increasingly becoming a requirement when seeking a new job since they provide the possible new employer with information regarding the adequacy of the candidate for the position. However, some employers have been making use of the right to refuse to write one, qualified in Coote v Granada Hospitality [1999], to avoid facing legal action. This essay evaluates the scope of an employer’s liability in the tort of negligence for references provided to current or ex employers and presentsRead MoreBusiness In Oman Essay775 Words   |  4 Pagesthey can start their business in Oman. Market Analysis: The initial step of starting a business in Oman is completing a market analysis. This is pivotal for any business in light of the fact that a market investigation will give you a top to bottom thought with respect to the Oman advertise. It will indicate what sort of items and administrations the general population of Oman need. It will feature the measure of cash they will spend on the diverse kinds of items and what amount they need to attemptRead MoreWhat Is Meant by the Term Equality Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pagesskills and knowledge. So no two people can really ever be the same. Individuality can be a positive attribute in all aspects of life. Equality can be more accurately described as when people are given equal opportunities giving them access to the same rights, choices and resources no matter of their gender, race, age, sexual orientation, religious belief or cultural differences. What is meant by the term discrimination? Discrimination is often seen as a negative attribute when actually it canRead MoreEssay on An Argument Against Cloning1198 Words   |  5 Pagesgenetic knowledge is growing. Callahan asks the question of what kind of society (soil) is most likely be hazardous and introduces three patterns: 1) societies that demonize death and illness; 2) those societies that want to find biological solutions to social problems; and 3) societies with postmodern theory that there is no common social good, only a plurality of individual goods. In his essay Callahan is concerned about what kind of society we out to be and become before genetic technology canRead MoreHealthcare Information Technology For A Medium Sized Organization1552 Words   |  7 Pagesimperative to run risk analysis and apply technical safeguards to protect confidential healthcare information. The Office of Civil Rights along with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule protect the public’s rig hts of nondiscrimination and health information privacy (Sayles, 2013). In addition, the Patient Safety Act and Rule establish a voluntary reporting system to enhance the data available to assess and resolve patient safety and health care quality issues (Sayles

Preparing Financial Statement Free Essays

Prepare a Set of Financial Statements Samson Company adjusted account balances as of December 31, 2005 are as follows (some noted balances are Jan. 1, 2005): Sales . . We will write a custom essay sample on Preparing Financial Statement or any similar topic only for you Order Now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,200,000 Purchases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810,000 Marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,000 Purchase discounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,000 Purchase returns and allowances . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000 Extraordinary loss due to earthquake, net of applicable taxes of $15,000. . . . . . . . . . . . 35,000 Selling expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,000 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,000 Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,000 Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000 Accumulated depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,000 Paid-in-capital in excess of par . . . . . . . . . . 30,000 Inventory, January 1, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,000 Inventory, December 31, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,000 Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,000 Salaries payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 000 Cash surrender value of life insurance . . . . . . 22,000 Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,000 Retained earnings, January 1, 2005 . . . . . . . . . 60,600 Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,000 General and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . . 160,000 Dividend revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000 Allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 Notes payable (maturity 7/1/07) . . . . . . . . . . . 105,000 Machinery and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000 Income tax expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,600 Treasury stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000 Dividends declared and paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,000 Prepare multi-step income statement: Samson Company Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2005 Sales $1,200,000 Cost of Goods Sold: Beginning inventory $149,000 Purchases $810,000 Purchase discounts ( 20,000) Purchase returns and allowances ( 2,000) — —- Net purchases 788,000 ——- Goods available for sale 937,000 Ending inventory 120,000 ——- Cost of goods sold 817,000 ——— Gross profit 383,000 Operating expenses: Selling expenses 114,000 General and administrative expenses 160,000 ——- Total operating expenses 274,000 ——— Operating income 109,000 Other income (expense): Dividend revenue 6,000 Interest expense ( 13,000) ——- Total other income (expense) ( 7,000) ——— Income before income taxes 102,000 Income taxes 30,600 ——— Income before extraordinary item 71,400 Extraordinary loss due to earthquake, net of applicable taxes of $15,000 ( 35,000) ——– Net income $36,400 ======== Prepare a Statement of Retained Earnings: Samson Company Statement of Retained Earnings For the Year Ended December 31, 2005 Retained earnings, January 1, 2005 $60,600 Plus net income 36,400 Less dividends ( 8,000) ——- Retained earnings, December 31, 2005 79,000 ======= Prepare a classified Balance Sheet: Samson Company Balance Sheet December 31, 2005 Assets Current Assets: Cash $ 90,000 Marketable securities 15,000 Accounts receivable $ 60,000 Less allowance for doubtful accounts ( 3,000) ——- 57,000 Inventories 120,000 ——– Total Current Assets 282,000 Property, Plant, and Equipment Machinery and Equipment $150,000 Less accumulated depreciation ( 42,000) ——– Total Property, Plant, and Equipment 108,000 Other Assets: Cash surrender value of life insurance $ 22,000 Patents 18,000 ——- Total Other Assets 40,000 ——- Total Assets $430,000 ======== Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Liabilities: Current Liabilities: Accounts payable $ 71,000 Salaries payable 5,000 —— Total Current Liabilities 76,000 Long-term Liabilities Notes payable 105,000 ——- Total Liabilities 181,000 Stockholders’ Equity: Common stock $150,000 Paid-in-capital in excess of par 30,000 Retained earnings 79,000 Treasury stock ( 10,000) ——- Total Stockholders’ Equity 249,000 ——- Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity $430,000 ======== =†Ã¢â‚¬  a=†Ã¢â‚¬  How to cite Preparing Financial Statement, Essay examples

What Is Organizational Behavior free essay sample

Successful managers and entrepreneurs recognize that: a. technical knowledge is all that is needed for success. b. interpersonal skills are not important. c. technical skills are necessary, but insufficient, for succeeding in management. d. an understanding of human behavior does not impact effectiveness (c; Challenging; pp. 2-3) What Managers Do 2. Which one of the following is not considered an organization? a. church b. university c. a military unit d. all 45-year-old adults in a community (d; Easy; p. 4) 3. Workforce diversity means that organizations are becoming more homogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity. (False; Moderate; p. 15) 103. People must set aside their cultural values when they come to work. (False; Moderate; p. 15) 104. 46 percent of the U. S. labor force are women. (True; Challenging; p. 15) 105. Diversity, if positively managed, can increase creativity and innovation in organizations. (True; Easy; p. 15) 106. A philosophy of management that is driven by the constant attainment of customer satisfaction through the continuous improvement of all organizational processes is termed â€Å"reengineering. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Organizational Behavior? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (False; Moderate; p. 16) 107. Quality management has an intense focus on the customer and a goal of employee empowerment. (True; Easy; p. 16) 108. Putting employees in charge of what they do is termed â€Å"reengineering. † (False; Easy; p. 16) 109. Process reengineering asks, â€Å"How would we do things around here if we were starting over from scratch? † (True; Easy; p. 16) 110. In tight labor markets, those managers who don’t understand human behavior risk having no one to manage. (True; Moderate; p. 17) 111. An employee who is empowered is given greater opportunity to determine how she does her job. True; Moderate; p. 19) 112. There’s a blurring between the roles of managers and workers. (True; Moderate; p. 20) 113. Managing today is described as long periods of ongoing change, interrupted occasionally by short periods of stability. (True; Moderate; p. 21) 114. Today’s managers and employees must learn to cope with temporariness – learning to live with flexibility, spontaneity, and unpredictability. (True; Moderate; p. 19) 115. OB has little to offer in stimulating employee creativity and tolerance for change. (False; Challenging; p. 20) 116. Your firm is experiencing lower than normal pro fits. You realize that you should write off some questionable accounts, but your supervisor suggests that you wait until next year. This is a modern example of an ethical dilemma. (True; Easy; p. 21) Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 117. There are three levels of analysis in OB, and, as we move from the individual level to the group level to the organization systems level, we add systematically to our understanding of behavior in organizations. (True; Challenging; p. 22) 118. The key factors you want to explain or predict in a model are termed independent variables. (False; Moderate; p. 23) 119. Typical dependent variables in organizational behavior are productivity, absenteeism, and job satisfaction. (True; Moderate; p. 23) 120. Organizational behavior models generally assume job satisfaction to be an independent variable. (False; Moderate; p. 23) 121. An organization is productive if it achieves its goals and does so by transferring inputs to outputs at the lowest cost. (True; Moderate; p. 23) 122. The annual cost of absenteeism in the U. S. is estimated at over $40 billion. (True; Challenging; p. 24) 123. A conservative estimate of the cost of recruiting, selecting, and training an employee is about $25,000. False; Challenging; p. 24) 124. Reasonable levels of employee-initiated turnover facilitate organizational flexibility and employee independence. (True; Challenging; p. 24) 125. The difference between the amount of rewards workers receive and the amount they believe they should receive is termed job satisfaction. (True; Moderate; p. 25) 126. Job satisfaction represent s an attitude rather than a behavior. (True; Moderate; p. 25) 127. Independent group level variables studied in organizational behavior include perception, learning, and motivation. (False; Moderate; p. 25) As part of the program, you should expect to see all of the following except: a. improvement in quality. b. empowerment of employees. c. emphasis on individual achievement. d. accurate measurement. (c; Moderate; p. 16) 138. You should expect your job to change in which of the following ways? a. more imposed rules from management b. more measurement of performance variables c. more free time d. less real employee power (b; Moderate; p. 6) Application of Developing an OB Model Allison and Gail both are studying for a final exam. Both students have a goal of making a grade of 91 or better. Gail studied 6 hours and made a grade of 92. Allison studied for 9 hours and also made a grade of 92. 139. Which of the students was effective? a. only Gail b. only Allison c. neither Gail nor Allison d. both Gail and Allison (d; Moderate; p. 23) 140. Which of the following statements is true? Organizing includes the determination of what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made. The leading function involves motivating employees, directing activities of others, selecting the most effective communication channels, and resolving conflicts among members. Controlling involves monitoring, comparing, and potential correcting to get the organization back on track. 143. Why is it important to replace intuition with systematic study in our attempts to understand behavior within organizations? Pages 8-10) It is important to replace intuition with systematic study in our attempts to understand behavior within organizations to help uncover important facts and relationships. This will provide a base from which more accurate predictions of behavior can be made. That is, we can improve our predictive ability by replacing intuitive opinions with a more systematic approach. Systematic study looks at r elationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and basing conclusions on scientific evidence. This helps to explain and predict behavior. 144. How have the fields of psychology and sociology contributed to our understanding of organizational behavior? (Page 12) Psychology seeks to measure, explain, and change the behavior of humans. Contributions have been made by learning theorists, personality theorists, counseling psychologists, and industrial and organizational psychologists. Contributions have been made in learning, perception, personality, emotions, training, leadership effectiveness, motivation, job satisfaction, decision-making processes, performance appraisals, attitude measurement, employee selection techniques, work design, and job stress. Sociology studies people in relation to their fellow human beings. The greatest contributions by sociologists have been in the study of group behavior in organizations, group dynamics, design of work teams, organizational culture, formal organization theory, organizational structure, organizational technology, communications, power, and conflict. 145. How does globalization affect a manager’s people skills? (Page 14) Globalization affects a manager’s people skills in at least two ways. First, managers are increasingly likely to find themselves in a foreign assignment. Once there, it will be necessary to manage a work force that is likely to be very different in needs, aspirations, and attitudes from the ones managed back home. Second, managers are going to find themselves working with bosses, peers, and other employees who were born and raised in different cultures. To work effectively with these people, managers will need to understand their culture, how it has shaped them, and how to adapt the management style to their differences. 146. Explain the term â€Å"workforce diversity. † (Page 15) Workforce diversity means that organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity. It also includes the physically disabled, gays and lesbians, and the elderly. 147. What is the difference between effectiveness and efficiency? (Page 25) Productivity implies a concern for both effectiveness and efficiency. A business firm is effective when it attains its sales or market share goals, but its productivity also depends on achieving those goals efficiently. Popular measures of organizational efficiency include return on investment, profit per dollar of sales, and output per hour. 148. Discuss the U. S. labor shortage. (Page 17) The U. S. labor shortage is a function of two factors – birth rates and abor participation rates. The problem becomes severe around 2006, when the major exodus of Boomers from the workplace begins. New entrants to the workforce from foreign countries will not do much to correct the supply shortage. While women provided a new supply of talented and skilled workers, this source has now been tapped. The combination of the smaller Gen-X population, the already high participation rate of women in the work force, and early retirements will lead to a significantly smaller future labor pool from which employers can hire. MEDIUM LENGTH DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 49. Briefly discuss three of the challenges facing contemporary managers. (Pages 14-16) Three challenges that managers are facing today are globalization, managing workforce diversity, and improving quality and productivity. Organizations are no longer constrained by national borders. Globalization affects a manager’s people skills in at least two ways. First, you are likely to find yourself in a foreign assignment managing people from different cultures. Second, you are likely to work with bosses, peers, and other employees wh o were born and raised in different cultures. One of the biggest challenges is adapting to people who are different. This is workforce diversity. Whereas globalization focuses on differences between people from different countries, workforce diversity addresses differences among people within given countries. More managers are having to improve their organization’s productivity and the quality of the products and services they offer. Toward quality and productivity, they are implementing programs such as quality management ad process reengineering – programs that require extensive employee involvement. 150. Explain quality management and process reengineering. Pages 16-17) Quality management and process reengineering help improve quality and productivity in organizations. Quality management is driven by the constant attainment of customer satisfaction through the continuous improvement of all organizational processes. It has implications for OB because it requires employees to rethink what they do and become more involved in workplace decisions. Process reengineering asks managers to reconsider how work would be done and their organization structured if they were starting over. 151. What independent and dependent variables are usually identified for construction of an OB model? Pages 23-26) Dependent variables are the key factors that you want to explain or predict and that are affected by some other factor. Scholars have historically emphasized productivity, absenteeism, turnover, and job satisfaction. Today, organizational citizenship has been added to this list. The independent variables are divided into individual-level, group-level, and organization systems level variables. The individual-level variables include biographical characteristics, ability, values, attitudes, personality, emotions, perception, individual decision making, learning, and motivation. Group-level variables include communication, leadership, power, and politics. Organization systems level variables include structure, work processes, human resource policies, and practices. COMPREHENSIVE ESSAYS 152. Discuss Mintzberg’s ten different roles. Group them as being primarily concerned with interpersonal relationships, the transfer of information, and decision making. (Exh. 1-1; Pages 4-5) Mintzberg identified ten managerial roles. The interpersonal roles include figurehead, leadership, and liaison roles. Performing ceremonial and symbolic duties is the figurehead role. The leadership role includes hiring, training, motivating, and disciplining employees. The liaison role involves contacting outsiders who provide the manager with information. The information roles include monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson. Collecting information from organizations and institutions outside their own is the monitor role. The disseminator role involves acting as a conduit to transmit information to organizational members. The spokesperson role occurs when managers represent their organization to outsiders. Decisional roles include entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator. In the entrepreneur role, managers initiate and oversee new projects that will improve their organization’s performance. As disturbance handlers, managers take corrective action in response to unforeseen problems. As resource allocators, managers are responsible for allocating human, physical, and monetary resources. Managers perform a negotiator role, in which they discuss issues and bargain with other units to gain advantages for their own unit. 153. Organizational behavior is an applied behavioral science built upon contributions from a number of different disciplines. What are these disciplines and what are the contributions of each discipline? Be complete in your response and include five different behavioral science disciplines. (Exh. 1-3; Pages 11-12) Organizational behavior has been built upon the contributions of psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science. Psychology has contributed to learning, perception, personality, emotions, training, leadership effectiveness, needs and motivational forces, job satisfaction, decision-making processes, performance appraisals, attitude measurement, employee selection techniques, work design, and job stress. Sociology has contributed through the study of formal and complex organizations – including group dynamics, design of work teams, organizational culture, formal organization theory and structure, organizational technology, communications, power, and conflict. Social psychology has contributed in the areas of measuring, understanding, and changing attitudes; communication patterns; building trust; the ways in which group activities can satisfy needs; and group decision-making processes. Anthropology has contributed to an understanding of organizational culture, organizational environments, and differences between national cultures. Political science has contributed to an understanding of structuring of conflict, allocation of power, and how people manipulate power for individual self-interest. 154. How have the roles of managers and workers been blurred? (Pages 20-21) The roles of managers and workers have been blurred as the relationship between the two has been reshaped. Managers are being called coaches, advisers, sponsors, or facilitators in some organizations. Employees are now called associates. Decision making is being pushed down to the operating level, where workers are being given the freedom to make choices about schedules and procedures and to solve work-related problems. Managers are going considerably further by allowing employees full control of their work. More self-managed teams are being used where workers operate largely without bosses and managers are empowering employees. 155. What is an ethical dilemma? How are organizations responding to these dilemmas? (Pages 21-22) An ethical dilemma is a situation in which employees are required to define right and wrong conduct. Dilemmas include whether to blow the whistle, whether they should follow orders with which they don’t personally agree, whether they should give an inflated performance evaluation to an employee whom they like, knowing that such an evaluation could save that employee’s job, or whether they should allow themselves to play politics in the organization if it will help their career advancement. These ethical dilemmas result from the blurring of the line differentiating right from wrong. Managers and their organizations are responding to this problem from a number of directions. They are writing and distributing codes of ethics to guide employees through ethical dilemmas. They are offering seminars, workshops, and training programs to try to improve ethical behaviors. They are also using in-house advisors to provide assistance and they are creating protection mechanisms for employees who reveal internal unethical practices. 156. Define turnover. Why is it of concern to organizations? (Page 24) Turnover is the voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization. A high turnover rate results in increased recruiting, selection, and training costs – which are quite significant. A high rate of turnover can also disrupt the efficient running of an organization when knowledgeable and experienced personnel leave and replacements must be found and prepared to assume positions of responsibility. However, reasonable levels of employee-initiated turnover facilitate organization flexibility and employee independence, and they can lessen the need for management-initiated layoffs. Unfortunately, turnover often involves the loss of people the organization doesn’t want to lose.