How Did Conversations Happen - 1894 Words

Part 2. Written response. You will write a 3-5 page, double- 1- What happened in the meeting? (How was it structured? How long did it last? How did conversations happen?) 1- The sponsor opened the meeting by introducing himself and the meeting purpose. Then, he suggested us with a moment of silence followed by the serenity of prayer.Later, the sponsor read the preamble and asked one of the AA members from his group to read the how it works from the alcoholic anonymous big book, followed by the 12 traditions as well. Moreover, the AA SUPPORT GROUP GUIDELINES were reviewed because they were new members present in the meeting. Here was when the sponsor explained the privacy and confidentiality aspects of the meeting. So, the main†¦show more content†¦The sponsor suggested AA members to continue taking part of the meeting and successfully manage their lives free of alcohol consumption. Hence, the sponsor also suggested the visitors to deliver the message about the effectiveness of the AA model to others alcoholics, including other individuals with different addictive disorders.So, they can change their lives for better by getting back the cont rol of their own lives. Over all, The meeting was well structured because there were members from others AA groups that attended to. The meeting I attended was conducted by the group Unidad y Armornia and others two invited groups that joined it such as, Volver a vivir and buscando la verdad. I liked the fact that all the invited groups had enough time to share their experiences with each other.This occurred because they were considerate to each other and managed properly their own talk-timing.So, all people from different groups had the time to be heard. Moreover, the meeting was conducted in Spanish and all the members were from Latinos backgrounds, especially Dominicans and Mexicans. I enjoyed the meeting a lot because the AA members were very humorous while exposing their experiences and that is how the conversations took place. They did not look ashamed or mad at themselves for being alcoholics, they opened their souls one to another

The Tragic Death Of Virginia Woolf - 1257 Words

There have been many tragic moments throughout the years, especially back when women weren’t treated unequally. Years have gone by and many women have fought for what they believed in which was equality between men and woman. In the 1920’s there were two people that tragically lost their lives fighting for what they believed in and what they sought out for. Women in past didn’t have rights or a voice, so this lead for a difficult era for women to have an opinion in anything, but to cater to the man of house. Virginia Woolf was someone who died a tragic death. She was a writer who everyone else looked up to and inspired; she wanted to encourage the young women how they aren’t any different from men and have equal rights like anyone else. Virginia Woolf had the impression of anything that women say didn’t matter or made a difference. When it comes to women duties and men duties, neither of them should be doing the opposite. For example, in the past a women’s sentence was her sentence and was considered different from a man’s sentence. Ms. Woolf believed it was wrong for women to like men, live like men, or look like men. Even though she didn’t think neither men nor women are better than one another, she believed that these two human beings were different in many ways. Her belief was that the neurotransmitter in men and women would give different frequencies and were very different when compared. With that being said, what is the difference of a man expressing his selfShow MoreRelatedEssay On Mrs Dalloway1021 Words   |  5 Pagesin Mrs. Dalloway Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway is a detailed day of a high society british woman named Clarissa Dalloway who is the host of a party. As she goes on with her day for preparations for the party, a tragic event stumbles upon an acquaintance of hers before the grand festivity. When word spreads of the shocking yet terrifying accident, Clarissa has an eye-opening realization because of the event that causes her to change her life and future for the better. Woolf masterly incorporatesRead MoreEssay about The Death of the Moth Analysis1518 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Death of the Moth† Analysis Life is a constant struggle against the ever present chill of death. Fear, betrayal, and cowardice all stems from life’s distaste of death. Human beings naturally rebuke the unknown, so it is only logical that people fight the inevitability of death. However, most people are ignorant of the reality of one day dying, prompting writer Virginia Woolf to write the essay, â€Å"The Death of the Moth†, in order to convey the frailty of life whilst also showing the awesomeRead MoreFeminism in Mrs. Dalloway1341 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism in Mrs. Dalloway Virginia Woolf is one of the greatest writers whose works reflect her philosophy of life and identification of women. 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Historical Paper Free Essays

Here is a paper on Historical Report on Race Historical Report on Race Nigel Faison ETH/125- Cultural Diversity June 24, 2012 Tiff Archie Axia College of the University Phoenix Historical Report on Race Dear, John Doe I am writing you this letter to let you know some of the struggles of African Americans throughout history. It is my sincere hope, that this helps you to understand the people of my race better; furthermore, I hope that it answers any questions that you may have had. Since we are friends, I just wanted to give you some insight into my culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now My people were brought to this country in 1619, to work for white people, and by 1661, Virginia had enacted the very first slave law. â€Å"By 1776, the year the United States declared its independence from Great Britain, slavery was legal in every state, and African Americans labored as slaves throughout the North as well as the South. † (Social Probelms, Ch. 3, p. 65). From the beginning, my people were being subjected to a life of servitude. During the slave trade African American families were routinely split up for profit. Can you imagine the effect that this had on the people, to have their families torn apart? African Americans had to do whatever they were told to do by their so called â€Å"masters† and if they did not as history tells us, they were whipped, beaten, and even hanged. It was said that â€Å"African Americans were not really people. † (Social Problems, Ch. 3, p. 65). This is how a society that was supposed to be civilized viewed other human beings. Later, after slavery ended, African Americans continued to face prejudice and discrimination in their everyday lives. African Americans were being denied their basic civil rights and institutional discrimination was the norm. African Americans were not allowed to go to school with whites, drink from the same water fountains, stay at the same hotels, eat at the same restaurants, vote, and had to give up their seat to white people on the bus. Proof of this can be seen in a ruling of the Supreme Court of the United States. â€Å"In the 1857 Dred Scott case, the U. S. Supreme Court stated that slaves were not citizens entitled to the rights and protections of U. S. law. † This was backed up by segregation and Jim Crow laws. Social Problems, Ch. 3, p. 65). Some of the political, social, and cultural issues and concerns throughout American history for African Americans were gaining our freedom, civil rights, and equality for our people. Our people had been through so much and the fight to gain these things would take years, even today, the issue of equality seems to still not be settled as reflecte d in the wages paid to African Americans. The median pay of White men is $52,273, for woman it is $40,219. The median pay of Black men is $40,219, for woman it is $32,829. In addition, it is said that the level of education has nothing to do with the gap, because even at the â€Å"highest levels† it is still present. (Racial and Ethnic Groups, Ch. 3, p. 67). Why are we paid so much less for performing the same jobs? I think that discrimination has to be playing a role here, would you agree? John, as I mentioned earlier; slavery, segregation, and Jim Crow laws were enacted against African Americans. These laws were established to deny us of our civil rights and allowed for legal discrimination against African Americans. Organizations or groups that fought against these laws were, â€Å"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). † They fought these laws by having protests, demonstrations, political organizing, and voter registration drives in the Civil Rights Movement (1950s and 1960s). The results of these actions were laws such as, the Civil Rights Act (1964), Voting Rights Act (1965). http://nationalhumanitiescenter. org/tserve/freedom/1917beyond/essays/crm. htm). What these laws achieved, with one addition, is the following: â€Å"Civil Rights Act of 1964 (prohibiting segregation in employment and public accommodations), the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (banning voting requirements that prevented African Americans from having a political voice), and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (which outlawed discrimination in housing ). Together, these laws brought an end to most legal discrimination in public How to cite Historical Paper, Papers

Strategic Cost Management and Performance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Cost Management and Performance. Answer: Introduction In the Barossa Valley the development association has been formed named the Barossa Valley Development Association Inc. (BVDA). The main purpose of this association is to provide knowledge of the locality that would enhance the development. The Barrosa valley which is known for its wine and scenic beauty attracts many tourist and is planning to conduct a case study to explore the management and the accounting issue. For the research, the Barrossa valley has appointed a family named Karmichael. The main purpose of the research is to point out the various issues in the accounting like underutilization of the resources and accounting processes (Cooper 2017 p 27, para 12). The Karmichael is one of the family businesses that work under the BVDA. It has three businesses located outside of Tanunda. Since the middle of 1800s, the property was converted to vineyards and in the mid-1960s into a boutique winery. The three businesses are run by different family members and each of them deals wit h different products and services. The crooked creek vines that was established by Paul and Mary Karmichael is now taken over by their son and his wife, Grace and Alby deals with the red wines and have recently planted new varieties which are about to give the first harvest. The second one is Vine Dining that is run by Sophie that deals with food products and dining, that produces and promotes a farm-to-table concept with varying menu depending on season and harvest. Samuel who is the brother of Sophie has opened a bakery named Rolling in Dough that includes a including a range of gluten free baked products. The main purpose of the discussion is to identify the various cost associated with the Karmichael holding and the accounting management issues of the same. The Barossa Valley Development Association Inc. needs to identify the process and policies of the Karmichael holding so point out the issues in the accounting (Henri Boiral and Roy 2016). It has been suspected that the management accounting is underutilized and the main reason behind the same is due to the misunderstanding of the business owners. In the Karmichael holding, although, there are three kinds of business that deals with three different kinds of commodities the management processes and policies are same ( pp 3, para 6). Cost classifications and use of information in decision-making: The cost classification is the process in which the Karmichael holding classifies its various costs into different categories. The categories of costing include fixed cost, variable costs, production cost and opportunity costs. The costs are classified according to their function, traceability, timing of charge against revenue, behavior and relevance to the decision making. In the given organization pilot study it has been found that the cost are classified into manufacturing cost and the other is the non-manufacturing costs. As per their name, the manufacturing costs refer to the goods that are converted from the raw materials and are manufactured for sale (Sechilariu Wang and Locment 2014 p 9, para 16). In Karmichael holding the crooked creek, Vine Dining, Rolling in Dough have different kinds of products manufactured and require different kinds of raw materials. Similarly, non-manufacturing costs differ in the three d ifferent sections. It includes the selling expenses and the administrative expenses. The Karmichael being a tourist spot does not require any advertisement and costs of promotion (Lanen 2016, p 56 para 102). When it comes to decision making of the Karmichael there are three types of decisions. One is the strategic decisions; the second is the operational decision and the third is the managerial decisions (Homburget al. 2016 p 35, para 98). The strategic is the are non-repetitive in nature and are not related to the operations of the business. The operational decision deals with the regular functioning of the business. Then comes the managerial decisions that are needed for development, research and innovation. However, there are issues that are pointed out in the decision-making process in the Karmichael holding. At times, it is difficult for them to come into a conclusion, as there is an existence of multiple owners and all are co-related. This can be a major issue while taking a decision. Moreover, there are multiple kinds of business in the Karmichael which may lead to conflicts and confusion as the family members are only the owners and the managers as well (Ingram et al.2015 p 123, para 345). Cost estimation: The cost estimation refers to the total cost of the project program and operation. In the given case the estimated cost of the Karmichael holding the tendering or Cost Estimation is a part of project management subjects other than planning, monitoring, risk analysis, and budgeting. The Karmichael holding, dedicate a departmental organization to carry out coat estimation. It takes place for all three of the business undertakings within the holding and estimates the cost all together. The cost estimate of Karmichael holding has three main parts: Direct cost analysis: The direct cost is the cost of regular working of the Karmichael holding, it includes the labor cost, cost of purchase of plants and machineries, various materials and many more. The Karmichael holding deals with three business the crooked creek that deals with the vinery estimates the cost of the machines that help in the extraction of wines and various raw materials for production and its innovation. Vine Dining estimates the cost various cost related to food products and dining. The Rolling in Dough also estimates the various associated costs within including cost of the raw materials and other direct expenses (Boardman et al. 2017 p 86 para: 54 ). Indirect cost analysis: The indirect cost is the somewhat same for all the three businesses that includes the staff salaries, accommodation, office expenses. All three businesses estimate the indirect cost similarly as the three of them are located in the same location. Mark up: the mark is the investment decisions that are taken by the owners of the company who are the businesses top management (Konijeti et al. 2014. para-10). The Karmichael holding estimates the costs by using the excel sheet, moreover, there are many software programs that are used which makes the process much easier. The business uses the Candy CCS for accurate and fair estimation. Cost-volume-profit analysis: Karmichael holding uses the CVP analysis technique for determining the costs and volume changes that affect the company's operating net income. In performing the CVP analysis, there are several assumptions, as per their procedure they take sales price per unit, variable costs per unit, total fixed costs to be constant. They also assume that everything that is produced is sold and the costs are only affected because of changes in business activities. The company uses the net income equation of cost volume profit analysis. The problem encountered by Karmichael holding when cost-volume-profit analysis stands as a basis for decision-making is managerial inefficiency and this includes ignorance of this concept that is inability of the management to employ it in their decision making and also not knowing the importance of cost volume- profit analysis. Karmichael holding are not relevant in their decision-making process (Palanski, Avey and Jiraporn 2014 p257, pa ra 5). Job and process costing: Job costing is the method of recording themanufacturingjob, rather than process. Withthe help of this, the accountantcan keep track of the cost of each job, maintain data which is often more relevant to the operations of thebusiness. Job costing is the accounting methodology that the used to track the expense of manufacturing costs. Due to the fact that certain operations that takes place in the Karmichael require different operations, the manager use this methodology to trace the expenses of each job in order to use this information for tax and accounting analysis. The forms of Job Costing have includes the various direct costs like labor,materials, andoverhead (Said 2016 p 14 para 6). The various Cost in the Karmichael incurred stays in the work-in-process account throughout the job and when the job completed, they are transferred to the finished goods account. The job costing enables the accountants to can make sense of complicated jobs, which are moving towards the process of completion. The Karmichael uses the technique of job costing, as it is the most efficient process. They also use job-costing software that increases the efficiency and effectiveness. The Bookkeepers can run the system quite smoothly in this process. Although while surveying on the accounting issues in the Karmichael holding, it can be said the process of Job costing is comparatively more expensive as more clerical work is involved in identifying each element of cost with specific departments and jobs this increases the chances of errors (Garvey, Book and Covert 2016, p 225, para 295). Activity-based costing: The activity-based costing is a costing methodology that is used by the Karmichael holding where they assign each of the cost of activity with resources to all products and services. It has three sectors out of which the Vine Dining follows this type of costing as it activity based assigns the cost of each activity with resources to all products and services. it is beneficial for them as Vine Dining deals with various products like food, theme-based dining and hospitality. This model allocates the overhead costs into direct costcompared to conventional costing. It is the most trending and effective process of cost management. It Identifies and eliminates those products and services that are unprofitable and enables modification. It focuses on allocation of costs in operational management and segregates, the costs into fixed cost, variable cost and overhead costs. The fixed cost deals with the unavoidable costs that is not dependent on the production and sales (Eldenburg et al. 2016, p 556, para 897). The variable cost changes with the amount of production and varies. The overhead costs are the indirect costs that are related to the production and operations. This split of cost helps to identifythe cost drivers if achieved. In the process, the direct labor and materials is easy to trace directly to products, but it is more difficult to directly allocate indirect costs to products (Cascio 2018 p 129, para 45). However in order to identify the issues in the cost management process it can be said, applicability of ABC is bound to cost of required data capture that drives the prevalence to slow processes in administrations and services, where staff time consumed per task defines a dominant portion of cost. Hence the reported application for production tasks do not appear as favorable. Conclusion The process Cost management refers to the planning and controlling the policies of a business according to their operations. It is a form of management that enables a business to predict the expenditures and help in reducing the chance of going over the anticipated budget.Implementing a cost management structure for projects can help a business keep their over-all budget under control. In the given scenario, the Karmichael holds three kinds of business one deals with vine products, one deals with fine dining and the other deals with bakery. It can be said after analyzing the different kind of cost processes in the three different sectors namely crooked creek, Vine Dining, Rolling in Dough have different functions and therefore, the process of accounting is different for different sector. For crooked creek and rolling in dough, the job costing can be effectively used and in case of Vine Dining, the Activity Based costing is the most suitable one. An efficient process of analyzing the process of costing will enable to resolve the issue of underutilization of resources and manage the misunderstanding between the owners. References Boardman, A.E., Greenberg, D.H., Vining, A.R. and Weimer, D.L., 2017.Cost-benefit analysis: concepts and practice. Cambridge University Press.(Assesed from:https://www.lovetestbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/test-bank-for-cost-benefit-analysis-4-9780137002696.pdf) Cascio, W., 2018.Managing human resources. McGraw-Hill Education.(Assessed from:https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/6473908/583915094.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1527749284Signature=4SkChyUXx%2FfK3JLlDFWXD1ttISY%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DManaging_human_resources.pdf) Cuguer-Escofet, N. and Fito, M., 2016. The Impact of ABC Costing Systems to Solve Managerial Cost Problems: A Real Improvement, a Fad or a Fashion?.(Assessed from:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2987846) Henri, J.F., Boiral, O. and Roy, M.J., 2016. Strategic cost management and performance: The case of environmental costs.The British Accounting Review,48(2), pp.269-282.9 (Assessed from:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0882611015301243) Ingram, T.N., LaForge, R.W., Williams, M.R. and Schwepker Jr, C.H., 2015.Sales management: Analysis and decision making. Routledge.(Assessed from:https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317460282)Konijeti, G.G., Sauk, J., Shrime, M.G., Gupta, M. and Ananthakrishnan, A.N., 2014. Cost-effectiveness of competing strategies for management of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a decision analysis.Clinical Infectious Diseases,58(11), pp.1507-1514. (Assessed from:https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/58/11/1507/2895342) Lanen, W., 2016.Fundamentals of cost accounting. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. (Assesed from:https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.474.3175rep=rep1type=pdf) Mahal, I. and Hossain, A., 2015. Activity-Based Costing (ABC)An Effective Tool for Better Management.Research Journal of Finance and Accounting,6(4), pp.66-74.(Assesed from:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md_Akram_Hossain/publication/309398925_Activity-Based_Costing_ABC_-_An_Effective_Tool_for_Better_Management/links/580e70bb08aef766ef10e546.pdf) Palanski, M., Avey, J.B. and Jiraporn, N., 2014. The effects of ethical leadership and abusive supervision on job search behaviors in the turnover process.Journal of Business Ethics,121(1), pp.135-146. (Assessed from:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-013-1690-6) Said, H.A., 2016. Using Different Probability Distributions for Managerial Accounting Technique: The Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis.Journal of Business and Accounting,9(1),p.3.(Assessedfrom:https://asbbs.org/files/2016/JBA_Vol9_2016.pdf#page=4) Sechilariu, M., Wang, B.C. and Locment, F., 2014. Supervision control for optimal energy cost management in DC microgrid: Design and simulation.International Journal of Electrical Power Energy Systems,58, pp.140-149. (Assessed from:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061514000313)

The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay Essay Example

The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay Paper The Crusades are considered as an built-in portion of World History. They were important events for Islam and Christendom likewise. What are the Crusades all about? Why did they happen? What was its intent? This research paper aims to discourse the definition. beginning and most significantly. the intent of the Crusades. Definition of Campaign The Crusades are military jaunts with a spiritual aim. as these are sanctioned by the Pope and the Church ( Sloan. 2000 ; â€Å"Crusades–Battles. † 2008 ) . Originally. the word â€Å"Crusade† meant all missions accomplished on the promise of salvaging the Christian districts from Muslim business ( Brehier. 1908 ) . However. during the mediaeval times. the word had acquired a cover definition. as it came to include all wars against enemies of Christendom ( Brehier. 1908 ) . All the Crusades occurred between the eleventh and the 13th centuries A. D. ( â€Å"Crusades–Battles. † 2008 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Harmonizing to Sloan ( 2000 ) . the term â€Å"crusade† was derived from the Portuguese wordcruzado. which means â€Å"mark with a cross. † Other beginnings. on the other manus. province that the word meant â€Å"cloth cross† ( Brehier. 1908 ; â€Å"Crusades-Battles. † 2008 ) . As the definition implies. the symbol for the Crusades was the Christian cross ( â€Å"Crusades–Battles. † 2008 ) . and it was secured on the garment worn by the Crusaders ( Brehier. 1908 ; Sloan. 2000 ) . Beginning of Crusades The Crusades were the consequence of a metempsychosis of spiritual ardor in 10th century Europe ( Sloan. 2000 ) . However. this was non the lone ground. as the people who were involved with the Campaigns joined because of personal involvements every bit good ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The Crusades were besides called â€Å"holy wars. † as they provided a locale for the pontificate to pay a legitimate war against the enemies of Christianity ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The Crusades besides gave the spiritual an chance to obtain redemption by agencies of pilgrims journey ( Sloan. 2000 ) . Four centuries prior. similar pilgrims journeies have occurred because of the ongoing feud between the Muslims and the Christians ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The finishs of the said pilgrims journeies include the countries where both faiths meet. illustrations of which are Sicily. Italy. Asia Minor and Spain ( Sloan. 2000 ) . Jerusalem is another pilgrim finish ( Sloan. 2000 ) . In a manner. the Crusades were highly helpful to the pontificate. and it is non merely because of the Pope’s aim of taking back lands from the custodies of Muslims. The Crusades besides served to interpret the combatant inclinations of the Christians into a productive enterprise ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The Crusades enjoyed popularity and intense support from the Christians merely because they were a manifestation of a Godhead licence to contend other work forces in the name of redemption ( Sloan. 2000 ) . Meanwhile. the attempts of the Crusaders helped the Church spread the influence of Christianity all over the universe ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The Crusades began in the 11th century. and stemmed from the bing issues of morality and political relations of Western Christendom ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The twelvemonth 1095 marked the thirtieth day of remembrance of William the Conqueror’s success in the fusion of England ( â€Å"The Church and the Crusaders. † 2007 ) . However. the Gallic had delegated the districts to certain relations. spliting it in the procedure ( â€Å"The Church and the Crusaders. † 2007 ) . It was these districts that caused feud between brothers. which subsequently resulted in warfare ( â€Å"The Church and the Crusaders. † 2007 ) . That is why during that period. Europe consisted of many provinces which were ruled by sovereign ( Brehier. 1908 ) . These sovereigns were excessively preoccupied with territorial struggles while the emperor. who governed over Christendom. was engrossed with coronation jobs ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Merely the Catholic Pope had a considerable capacity to unite the provinces ; hence. merely the pontificate could originate such an ambitious enterprise like the Crusades ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The governments did recognize that Europe was really much susceptible to menaces from the Byzantine Empire and the Muslims ( Brehier. 1908 ) . However. the Catholic Pope could non easy convince people to take part in a bold journey like the Crusades for the ground of the mere chase of Jerusalem ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Fortunately for the Catholic Pope. the pressing issues with Syria were plenty to actuate Christians to ship on the Crusades. and Pope Urban II did non hold much trouble looking for participants ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The latter portion of the 5th century saw the uninterrupted exposure to the East. Cities such as Gaul and Italy were visited by Syrians who brought with them Eastern humanistic disciplines. civilization and faith ( Brehier. 1908 ) . In add-on. Western Christians have travelled to topographic points such as Syria. Palestine and Egypt. largely because they wanted to travel to Jerusalem. There were so many pilgrims journeies to the East. and even onslaughts by savages did non decrease the Numberss. As a response to the demands of the legion pilgrims journeies. St. Gregory the Great built a hospice for the pilgrims in Jerusalem in 600 AD ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The early portion of the 8th century saw the troubles the Anglo-saxons had to confront merely to make the Holy Land ( Brehier. 1908 ) . An illustration of such adversity which was the instance of St. Willibald. Bishop of Eichstadt. whose pilgrims journey lasted seven long old ages ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Following their victory in the West. the Carolingians sought to better the province of the Latin citizens situated in the Eastern district ( Brehier. 1908 ) . This determination resulted in the understanding between Pepin the Short and Caliph of Bagdad ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Through the representatives from Haroun al-Rashid. the â€Å"keys to the Holy Sepulchre. the streamer from Jerusalem and some cherished relics† were given to the King of Franks ( Brehier. 1908. parity. 6 ) on November 30. 800. This gesture was symbolic. as it came to mean the â€Å"Frankish associated state over the Christians of Jerusalem† ( Brehier. 1908. parity. 6 ) . Seventy old ages after. Bernard the Monk went on a journey to Jerusalem. and found that the agreement was still upheld. There was prosperity and growing for the constitutions. a testament to the regular sending of alms to Jerusalem from the West ( Brehier. 1908 ) . However. things began to alter by the 10th century. Europe was confronting a sociopolitical crisis. and the pilgrims journeies were all of a sudden disrupted by Muslims ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The Muslims. under the leading of Caliph Omar. have occupied Jerusalem in 637 AD ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . Since so. Jerusalem had been under Muslim control. Despite this. spiritual tolerance between the two religions existed ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . The Muslims gave the pilgrims permission to travel about with their spiritual enterprises. granted that they were to pay for them to be allowed entree ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . On the other manus. they prohibited the building of new churches and the exhibition of crosses outside church premises ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . The civil relation between Islam and Christianity was sustained for 400 old ages ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . until the torment occurred ( Sloan. 2000 ) . It was found that Muslims were hassling those that visited the Holy Land. which made the trips to Jerusalem about intolerable. The state of affairs got worse. as the Fatimite Caliph of Egypt named Hakem demanded that all Christian establishments destroyed in 1009. including the Holy Sepulchre. ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The wake of this event resulted in widespread Christian subjugation ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The twelvemonth 1027 saw the overthrow of the Frankish associated state. which was later replaced by the Byzantine emperors ( Brehier. 1908 ) . As a people. the Muslims were non conditioned to be ever at war ; it is their faith that is responsible for their combatant dispositions ( Madden. 2002 ) . This is because Islam had ever been rooted in war ( Madden. 2002 ) . Even during Mohammed’s epoch. Islam had to fall back to warfare to distribute its beliefs ( Madden. 2002 ) . Islamic thought had long upheld a duality of the universe through the two residences. the Abode of Islam and the Abode of War ( Madden. 2002 ) . Both residences were for Muslims merely. go forthing no room for any other faith. However. tolerance is still possible. but merely within the parametric quantities established by Islam ( Madden. 2002 ) . This tolerance. on the other manus. was non an original facet of Islam. Harmonizing to Islamic beliefs. the belongingss and districts of other faiths. such as Christianity and Judaism. should be eradicated and seized ( Madden. 2002 ) . This belief likely originated during the 7th century. the clip when Mohammed was contending against Mecca ( Madden. 2002 ) . Back so. Christianity was highly influential and had legion districts to its name. doing it susceptible to Muslim onslaughts ( Madden. 2002 ) . After Mohammed died. the Muslims devoted their lives to the conflict against Christianity ( Madden. 2002 ) . They did so win in this enterprise ; one by one. Christian districts fell in the custodies of the Muslims. Jerusalem included. Despite the Muslim bullying. pilgrims continued to continue to Jerusalem in the 11th century. If earlier pilgrims journeies consisted of members of the wealthier category. this clip even in-between category citizens participated in the pilgrims journeies ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The figure of pilgrims increased ; Richard. Abbot of Saint-Vannes. brought 700 pilgrims with him in 1026. while Gunther. Bishop of Bamberg. led 12. 000 Germans to the Holy Land ( Brehier. 1908 ) . It was Gunther’s group that had to support themselves from Bedouins. turn outing that the faithful were excessively devoted to the Holy Sepulchre to withdraw ( Brehier. 1908 ) . This is a testament to the dedication of the pilgrims. that even though they knew the danger inherent in the trip. they still proceeded. They would volitionally put on the line their lives for this spiritual enterprise. However. it was the Seljukian Turks who became the biggest menace to the pilgrims. the Byzantine Empire and Christendom as a whole ( Brehier. 1908 ) . One by one. districts were sacked and captured by the Turks: Jerusalem was the first to be captured. rapidly followed by Asia Minor. Syria and Antioch ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Soon. all the districts were under Turkish control. The offenses committed by the Turks against the Christians were plenty: shrines were desecrated. pilgrims were either beat up. kidnapped or killed. while relics and other belongingss were stolen. This state of affairs prompted the Constantinople emperors to inquire the Catholic Popes for aid. which resulted in communicating between Michael VII and Gregory VII ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The Purpose of Crusades Because of the Seljukian Turks’ onslaught towards Byzantine Empire and Christendom. the thought of the Crusades emerged. The initial thought consisted of the Catholic Pope directing out military personnels to the East with three aims in head: â€Å"to re-establish Christian integrity. repel the Turks. and rescue the Holy Sepulchre† ( Brehier. 1908. parity. 8 ) . Unfortunately. this program was non put into action ; there were several factors that served as hinderances. To get down with. the Investitures had the Catholic Pope preoccupied ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Besides. emperors Nicephorus Botaniates and Alexius Comnenus both disapproved of a Roman spiritual brotherhood. Last. the war that had all of a sudden erupted between the Normans of the Sicilies and the Byzantine Empire was another factor ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The Birth of the Campaign However. the Crusades still came into fruition. this clip under the authorization of Pope Urban II ( Brehier. 1908 ) . In fact. many historiographers consider the construct of the Crusades as Pope Urban II’s inspiration ( Brehier. 1908 ) . In the twelvemonth 1095. Pope Urban II had a conference in Clermont. France ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . After eight yearss. the Catholic Pope delivered a address to the crowd. in which he declared his desire to salvage Jerusalem from the custodies of the Muslims ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . Pope Urban II besides said that all those who would take part would hold unsusceptibility from the wickednesss that will be committed in the Crusades ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . The crowd responded good to the pope’s call. and answered him with the statement: â€Å"It is the will of God† ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. . parity. 2 ) . The Unofficial Crusade under Peter the Hermit However. it was Peter the Hermit who started the Crusades. From Picardy. he had traveled to Jerusalem and saw the Holy Sepulchre for himself ( Brehier. 1908 ) . It was this visit that encouraged Peter the Hermit to near the Catholic Pope about his purposes about the Crusade. In bend. Pope Urban II gave Peter the Hermit his approval ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Hence. it was Peter the Hermit who led the first campaign. despite its unofficial position ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † n. d. ) . The campaign of Peter the Hermit began in 1095. in which he gave discourses to provincials to promote them to take part in the campaigns ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . As a consequence. he had gathered a little group of people who would travel to Jerusalem ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . It was Peter the Hermit’s ardor for prophesying that worked to his advantage. It was this quality that converted provincials into reformers. people who embraced his instructions so much that he was considered as a saint ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . Regardless of his part to the Crusades. the bookmans have downplayed his portion. doing him look less of import than how he was earlier portrayed by the likes of Albert of Aix and William of Tyre ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Unfortunately. the campaign of Peter the Hermit was unsuccessful. The reformers exhibited disorderly behavior while going ; they stole nutrient and supplies from the people’s places ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . In add-on. they killed Hebrews while they were still in the European district ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . The first functionary Crusade had one simple aim: the retrieval of Jerusalem from Muslim control ( â€Å"The First Crusade. † 2008 ) . In a military position. this was the most winning among all the other Crusades ( United Methodist Women. n. d. ) . The first Crusade invaded the Holy Land. an onslaught that lasted for five hebdomads ( Metropolitan Museum of Art [ MET ] . 2007 ) . In 1099. Christianity had gained Jerusalem back ( MET. 2007 ) . The Second Crusade occurred between 1147 and 1149. and was led by Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux ( MET. 2007 ) . This was non every bit successful as the first 1. because the Muslim forces had regained their strength ( MET. 2007 ) . By October 1187. under the leading of Salah al-Din. the Muslim military personnels recaptured the Holy Land ( MET. 2007 ) . The Third Crusade was successful. insofar as it recaptured Cyprus and Acre metropolis ( MET. 2007 ) . The most destructive Campaign. non to advert the most dissatisfactory for the Church was the Fourth Crusade ( MET. 2007 ) . The Crusaders deviated from the original program. and attacked Constantinople alternatively ( MET. 2007 ) . There were three more Campaigns after. In decision. the Crusades were rooted in the defence against Muslim aggression. The chief intent of the Crusades was to repossess control over the Holy Land. and unite Christendom one time once more. The Crusades are so a important portion of history. as it plays a cardinal function in the development and growing of Islam and Christianity. Regardless of one’s faith. these events must be considered so that the errors committed in the past must non be repeated. In the terminal. the difference in faith must be celebrated and respected. Mentions AllAboutGod. com. ( 2008 ) . Crusades-battles. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. allaboutgod. com/crusades. htm Brehier. L. ( 1908 ) .The Catholic encyclopaedia( D. Potter. trans. ) New York: Robert Appleton Company. EyeWitnesstoHistory. com. ( n. d. ) . The reformers capture Jerusalem. 1099. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. eyewitnesstohistory. com/crusades. htm HistoryLearningSite. co. ( 2008 ) . The first campaign. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //historylearningsite. co. uk/cru2. htm Madden. T. F. ( 2002 ) . The existent history of the campaigns.Crisis Magazine. 20 ( 4 ). n. P. MedievalCrusades. com. ( 2007 ) . The church and the reformers. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. medievalcrusades. com/ MedievalCrusades. com. ( 2007 ) . The campaigns begin. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. medievalcrusades. com/crusadesbegin. htm Metropolitan Museum of Art. ( 2007 ) . The campaigns ( 1095-1291 ) . Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/crus/hd_crus. htm Sloan. J. ( 2000 ) . The campaigns in the Levant ( 1097-1291 ) . Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //xenophongroup. com/montjoie/crusade2. htm United Methodist Women. ( n. d. ) The Christian reformers. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //gbgm-umc. org/UMW/bible/crusades. short-term memory

Definition and Examples of the Habitual Past in Grammar

Definition and Examples of the Habitual Past in Grammar Definition In English grammar, the habitual past is a verb aspect that is used to refer to repeated events in the past. Also called past-habitual aspect or past-repetitive aspect. The habitual past is indicated most frequently by the semi-auxiliary verb used to, the auxiliary would, or the simple past tense of a verb. Examples and Observations She would practice every day until she could hit that mark running, turning, jumping, sideways, or in any form she chose.(Linda Wallace Edwards, The Legend of White Sky. Tate Publishing, 2011)And when most everyone was fast asleep, hed practice every single exercise hed seen demonstrated earlier in the courtyard, feverishly absorbed in the perfection of his art.(Robert Joseph Banfelder, No Stranger Than I. Hudson View Press, 1990)I practiced every day, and if I couldnt find a buddy to play with Id throw the ball against the barn wall and catch it.(Devon Mihesuah, The Lightning Shrikes. Lyons Press, 2004)When I was a kid I used to pray every night for a new bicycle. Then I realized that the Lord doesnt work that way, so I stole one and asked Him to forgive me.(American comedian Emo Philips)i usta wonder who id be when I was a little girl in Indianapolissitting on doctors porches with post-dawn pre-debs(wondering would my aunt drag me to church Sunday) . . . (Nikki Giovanni, Adulthood. The Selected Poems of Nikki Giovanni. William Morrow, 1996) Using Used To (Usta) and Would in the Habitual Past The auxiliary used tocolloquially contracted to ustais employed to signal the past-habitual or past-repetitive aspect, as in: (32a) She used to talk more often​ (32b) He used to visit regularly Unlike progressive aspectual auxiliaries, used to cannot be preceded by other auxiliaries or followed by an -ing marked main verb. Thus compare: (33a) She may keep go ing on and on. (33b) *She may use(d) to go on and on. (33c) *She used (to) going on and on. (33d) She has kept working. (33e) *She has use(d) to work. . . . [M]any of the progressive aspectuals can also code a habitual sense. Thus, when in the past tense, they also code the habitual past. The modal auxiliary would can also be used to render the habitual past. This usage is probably more colloquial: (34a) One would come in and look around and . . . (34b) She would eat two loaves a day . . . (34c) Theyd work real hard for an hour, then quit and . . . There is a subtle semantic difference between used to and would, in that the former implies termination of the past habit, while the latter does not. (Talmy Givà ³n, English Grammar: A Function-Based Introduction. John Benjamins, 1993) Factors Influencing the Choice of Habitual-Past Forms The three main forms used to express habitual past situations in Englishused to, would and the simple pastare often, but not always, interchangeable. Various factors affecting the choice of form have been suggested in the literature, but few empirical investigations have been devoted to all three forms. One exception is a recent study by [Sali] Tagliamonte and [Helen] Lawrence [I Used to Dance . . . in Journal of English Linguistics 28: 324-353] (2000) who examined various factors influencing the choice of habitual form in a corpus of recorded British English conversations. Starting from the observation that the choice of expression is mainly determined by the interaction of two factors, the aktionsart of the verb (stative vs. dynamic) and some contextual indication of time (frequency or past time), they distinguish four basic habitual situations in which one, two, or all three variants seem to be permitted. . . . Using Comries definition to identify habitual situations in their corpus, Tagliamonte and Lawrence found that 70% of the situations were realised by the simple past, 19% by used to, 6% by would and the remaining 5% by various other constructions, such as the progressive form and combinations with verbs like tend to, keep (on), etc. . . . [I]n the situations examined, used to tended to be favored with 1st person subjects, when it occurred initially in a sequence of habitual events in discourse and when it did not occur in a sequence, but was disfavoured in negative clauses, with stative verbs, and with inanimate subjects. Would tended to be favored with 3rd person subjects, in situations of short duration, non-initially in sequences and (weakly) in negative clauses. The simple past tended to be favored in negative clauses, with stative verbs and inanimate subjects, sequence-internally, and (weakly) in situations of short duration and with frequency adverbials. (Bengt Altenberg, Expressing Past Habit in English and Swedish: A Corpus-Based Contrastive Study. Functional Perspectives on Grammar and Discourse: In Honour of Angela Downing, ed. by Christopher S. Butler, Raquel Hidalgo Downing, and Julia Lavid. John Benjamins, 2007)

Analysis of Research Methods, Client Relationship, Personal Evaluation Essay

Analysis of Research Methods, Client Relationship, Personal Evaluation - Essay Example The paper tells that with the advancement of technology and emergence of the concept of consumerism to the surface, customers have become ever more dominant and powerful in the marketplace. Nowadays all the companies shed off myopic ideas and try to incorporate consumer’s will in the decision making process. This is particularly important because customer satisfaction is the ultimate objective that leads to profitability and endurance in organizations. To attain stability, organizations spend millions of dollars today on their Research and Development departments to get the best and most accurate knowledge regarding consumer behaviour and expectations. This knowledge and information is utilized by organizations in improving their processes to meet the demands and requirements of the customers and thus deliver a â€Å"wow experience† every time the customer interacts with the offering. In other words, this shall not be exaggeration to state that, research is one of the k ey pillars to success of an organization, in the contemporary market dimensions. Any idea or tactic backed up by research findings is more durable and dependable then something that is implemented out of the blue. Research does not only assist organizations in deciding which route to success shall be adopted, in fact contingency measures and sporadic adjustments to deviations and evaluation of the implementation are some of the broad areas that are addressed at length by researches. (Thornton, 2010). Throughout the length of this paper various research methods will be analyzed through various perspectives and efforts will be made to develop an understanding of using research methods and findings in the most efficient manner possible. Analysis of Research Methods The above diagram is a representation of a general research process. Though 5 major steps are shown in the diagram in a systematic manner, but in real life scenario one stage may precede the other depending upon the requirem ents of the researchers and the nature of the research itself. While conducting our research we followed the above systematic flow of processes for data collection, analysis and reporting of its findings (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Research can be defined as a systematic investigative study conducted to discover answers to questions or solutions to prevalent or future dilemmas. In the commercial scenario, findings of a research may serve to make it or break it for the sponsors of the research. Bearing in mind the model provided in the figure then we see that the process initiates with the discovery of a problem or unanswered question. This is the phase of the research process that occurs voluntarily (Kumar, 2010). Any department of the company shall encounter a problem at any stage and this is completely unavoidable and inevitable (Collis, 2003). The stage that entails the discovery of a problem shall come to the surface unexpectedly and demand a solution on an immediate basis and th ings could be the other way round too. Therefore this can be said that moving on from one stage to another in the research process may vary from situation to situation (Blaxter et al, 2006). The stage proceeding Discover Stage is known as â€Å"Retrieve Stage†. Retrieve stage is a significant phase that shall be carried out with great care and technically sound staff. There are various methods utilizing which this phase can be surpassed. At this stage we were required to determine the sources from which data can be retrieved and the subsequent methodology to be adopted. There are two broad options that were available to the group to get the data from, Primary Resources and Secondary Resources (McBurney, 2009). Secondary resources are considered to be the best sources of information in case the problem that has to be resolved has occurred before in some other department of the company or may be in any other part of the world. Secondary data provides a sound basis to the resear chers to construct a framework based on the

Are the European banks riskier than the US competitors for the period Essay

Are the European banks riskier than the US competitors for the period 2002-2007 yang - Essay Example The crisis was caused due to the failure of many banking sector across the world. The firms which had failed in UK allowed their businesses to overextend through risk taking and excessive leverage, over dependence on risky product streams like derivatives or buy-to-let mortgages, poor decisions of management in respect of acquisitions, over reliance on wholesale funding. The project describes the position of European banks and its US competitors during the period of global financial crisis and which banks were more riskier during that time. Introduction Unprecedented innovation and growth have been seen in the financial sector over the past two decades as new products and higher returns have been sought by the investors in the era of low interest rates. Banks also had an obligation to understand the risks to which they are exposed. The complexity of certain financial instruments and the interconnected developed global market often did not provide well understanding of the dangers inv olved with the banks, its investors and boards, central banks and regulators (HM Treasury, 2009). The risk models of banks were proved as flawed which was based on incomplete application of principles of finance. It was believed that risks had been widely distributed throughout the financial system by the method of securitisation but it proved as mistaken and risks posed by global increase in leverage were under-estimated. The remuneration policies of banks have contributed to the riskiness of financial system as they focussed too much on short term profit. Market discipline also proved as an ineffective constraint on risk taking in financial markets (Independent Commission on Banking, 2011).There were certain deficiencies in the corporate governance of banking institutions. The board of banks failed to understand this and they got prone to the risk management processes of their firms. The senior management also did not question on the sustainability and nature of achieved higher re turns. Many institutional shareholders were not able to monitor the effectiveness of senior management of banks nor did they challenge the decisions of board of bank. Generally, the banks and investors rely on the assessments of credit rating agency but they did not supplement the ratings with conclusions from the view point of their own analysis. The central banks and regulators, commentators and other authorities underestimated the risks built up in the financial system. The banks were exposed largely to the vehicles of off-balance sheet financing and lack of transparency. Literature Review Financial crisis of US bank The global economy was experiencing unprecedented level of financial turbulence. This was triggered by a downturn in US housing market, particularly the sub-prime end of the market. The instability grew steadily following the collapse of Lehman Brothers, an US investment bank. Initially, the investors realised that they have misjudged the risk in securities linked to low quality US sub-prime mortgages. Consequently, prices fall leading to heavy losses to the holder of assets. Then the investors became concerned about which of their counterparties are exposed to these losses and began to charge a higher risk premium to

James Luna Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

James Luna - Essay Example The product of a Mexican father and Luiseno Indian mother, Luna was born in 1950 on the La Jolla Indian reservation in Southern California. Raised in Orange County, he received a degree in art from the University of California Irvine in 1976. At that time, the art department at Cal-Irvine was a significant influence throughout southern California in terms of encouraging performance and conceptual art. Upon graduation, Luna returned to the La Jolla Reservation and enrolled at San Diego State University where he received a Masters degree in counseling. Currently, he is employed by Palomar College in San Marcos as a counselor. Initially trained as a painter, Luna now travels the globe demonstrating his version of conceptualistic art working principally with presentation video and visual art. His performance combines contemporary artistic offerings with Indian rituals, parodies, humor and autobiographical nuance within the context of prevailing, conventional attitudes toward native culture. Although the artistic methods he employs would be readily recognizable to an audience that prefers contemporary performance or gallery art, he injects this form with the teachings of his native cultural heritage and presents current conditions of native peoples. Despite this, Luna maintains that his form of art is not intended to politically motivate his audience. â€Å"In doing work about social issues I use myself to explore conditions here on the reservation. It is not my place to tell people how to act† (Durland, 2003). Through his works, Luna constantly endeavors to challenge the stereotypical, idealized notion of the dignified, yet savage Indian. His performances are theatrical in nature and are aesthetically intricate while making both subtle and overt political observations all of which produce a multi-faceted perception regarding the native culture to the audience. Luna’s performance is hardly what

A Socio Ecological Model

A Socio Ecological Model A Socio- ecological model focuses on the influences on behaviour with focus on the environment and policy and reorientations of organizations such as the health system. The use of e ecological model presents a problem from other models, whereas other models can be specific, ecological model only give domains and does not give specific guidelines as to which domain to use for what specific behaviour. Where as psyco-social models propose a more generalised approach for example self efficacy and behavioural influences in dealing with issues ecological model has to be tailor made to a behaviour and a population. Hence other theories needs to be integrated into the model to aid in specify to deal with the problem at had Healthy Active Oregon 2003: Socio-Ecological ModelLooking Beyond the Individual http://www.balancedweightmanagement.com/TheSocio-EcologicalModel.htm The socio-ecological model recognises the interwoven interaction between the individual the environment in which he lives in. although the individual is responsible for maintaining a lifestyle that improves health and reduce risk, the social environment the individual lives in determines behaviour to a large extent, these can hence form a barrier which in a way can affect the community as a whole in achieving a behaviour change. Hence the social ecological approach suggests intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, organizational and public policy in dealing with a problem at hand. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs-2007. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; October 2007. Social norms play a significant role in shaping beliefs and behaviors in healthy and unhealthy ways.10 For example, survey data from California indicate that adult smokers with strong attitudes about the health effects and restriction of secondhand smoke are more than twice as likely to have made a recent quit attempt and to have the intention to quit in the next six months.11 Adult smokers who demonstrated strong anti-tobacco industry beliefs were 65% more likely to have made a recent quit attempt and 85% more likely to have the intention to quit in the next six months.11 tobacco control program combines and coordinates community-based interventions that focus on 1) preventing initiation of tobacco use among youth and young adults, 2) promoting quitting among adults and youth, 3) eliminating exposure to secondhand smoke, and 4) identifying and eliminating tobacco-related disparities among population groups. Reducing tobacco use is particularly challenging Community Programs A community encompasses a diverse set of entities, including voluntary health agencies; civic, social, and recreational organizations; businesses and business associations; city and county governments; public health organizations; labor groups; health care systems and providers; health care professionals societies; schools and universities; faith communities; and organizations for racial and ethnic minority group State capacity and infrastructure, including clear leadership and dedicated resources, are essential to the development and implementation of a strong strategic plan that includes the identification and elimination of tobacco-related disparities Tobacco control programs need to foster the motivation to quit through policy changes and media campaigns and promote their quitline services. McLeroy, K. R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., Glanz, K. (1988). An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Qarterly, 15(4), 351-377. McLeroy K R, Steckler Ab, Goodman RM and Burdine JN(1992) Health Education education research: theory and Practises-future direction. Health Education Research, 7:1-8. Piper S (2009) HEALTH PROMOTION FOR NURSES; theory and practice. Routledge Oxon pp28 Borland R, Chapman S, Owen N and Hill D (1990): Effects of Workplace Smoking Bans on Cigarette Consumption. American Journal of Public Health 80, 2 A survey by Borland et al examined the effect of smoking ban on the behaviour of workers in the workplace of Australias largest public service. Before the implementation of the ban publicity was done for a year, there were programs set up to help people quit smoking, control smoking addiction and pre-deadline restrictions were introduced at some worksites. 2,113 workers were surveyed for 2 weeks before the implementation of the ban and six month after the ban was introduced. The survey found out that of the 2113 participants, 492 participants who were smoking at the time of the initial survey had reduced to 471 giving a reduction of 21 smokers after the ban. 57 smokers at the initial survey had given up at follow up whereas 36 non-smokers at initial survey were reported to have started smoking. 58% of those who gave up are reported to have done so following the implementation of the smoking ban. The study also assessed the effect of the pre-implementation restrictions on the workers. Participants were grouped into those who were allowed to smoke at the work station(43%) and those who were not allowed to smoke at their work stations (57%) . the result showed a 4.5 cigarette pre day consumption difference between those who were not allowed to smoke on site and those who were allowed. After the ban it was also found that there was a 5.2 cigarettes reduction among those who had the pre-implementation restrictions and a 1.9 cigarettes reduction among those who were not restricted. Further the survey explored. The survey further explored the effect on the participants who did not have any restrictions prior to the ban. Participants were grouped into light, heavy and moderate smokers. It was found out that whiles there were no changes in consumption among the light smokers there was an average reduction of 5.8 and 7.9 cigarettes per day among moderate and heavy smokers respectively . However heavy smokers did not appear to smoke more coffee and lunch breaks though they tend to smoke more whiles working outside. There was an average compensated increase of 0.7 cigarettes outside the working environment. This study is based on the ecological model where a change in the environment causes a change in individuals behaviour. The socio-ecological model recognises the interwoven interaction between the individual and the environment in which he lives in (Healthy Active Oregon 2003). Although the individual is responsible for maintaining a lifestyle that improves health and reduce risk, the social environment the individual lives in determines behaviour to a large extent; these can hence form a barrier which in a way can affect the community as a whole in achieving a behaviour change (Healthy Active Oregon 2003). Hence the social ecological approach suggests intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, organizational and public policy in dealing with a problem at hand (McLeroy et al, 1988). Jane Wills (2007) VITAL NOTES FOR NURSES; Promoting Health. Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford pp 59 Legislative action is also intended to change behaviour through the state, this includes national policies and provision of supportive systems to aid people to be able to cope with the change and sustain healthy life styles. But this intervention may be met with such resistance and people may be forced to under take smoking undercover making it difficult to actually identify the individuals who are undertaking such acts Naidoo J and Wills J (2005) PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH PROMOTION; developing practice. Second edition of practising Health Promotion: Dilemmas and Challenges. BAILLIERE TINDALL, LONDON WHO (1986) Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion www.who.int/hpr/archive/docs/ottawa.html (accessed on 12/02/10) Bauer J E, Hyland A, Li Q, Steger C Cummings M K (2005): A Longitudinal Assessment of the Impact of Smoke-Free Worksite Policies on Tobacco Use. American Journal of Public Health, 95(6): 1024-1029. Stokols D (1996) Translating Social Ecological Theory into Guidelines for Community Health Promotion; American Journal of Health Promotion, 10(4):282-98 Davies M Macdowall W (2006) Health Promotion Theory; UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC HEALTH. Open University Press, ENGLAND National Tobacco Strategy (1999): A SUMMARY DOCUMENT TO ACCOMPANY THE STRATEGY http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/09C1490BFFCC1872CA256F190004478B/$File/tobccstrat1.pdf. This is part of a national tobacco strategy framework, whose main objective is to improve the health of all citizens of Australia by eradicating or limiting the exposure of tobacco and all it forms. The key strategies that was set up for the frame work was to improve the control of tobacco through community action, promote cessation of the use of tobacco, limit promotion and regulate tobacco and finally, reduce environmental exposure to the smoke of tobacco. A community is said to be well-informed when it has adequate information on tobacco to be able to make an informed decision on tobacco use. In the community information such as how to get help and quit, the difference between the use of tobacco and addiction, the effect of tobacco smoke on the environment, the benefits of quitting at any age and sooner than latter and on a whole the effect of tobacco on the society. It is a well known fact that information alone does not lead to behaviour by individuals in the community. For a community to gain control over tobacco use it has to be involved in the planning and implementation of community based programes for controlling tobacco. Community leaders, parents, schools and youth organiztions can all be involved. All though the survey does not account how data was collected to assess community participation, can be assumed that since this was part of a national frame work and employees are part of a community it may be possible for the individuals to be involved in some kind of a community based activity. And the whole employees come together forms a community that can be involved in tobacco control activities and also form a network to support each other. Egger G, Spark R Donovan R (2005): HEALTH PROMOTION STRATEGIES AND METHODS. 2nd Edition McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. It was reported in the study that 36 people who were non-smokers previously at the initial survey had started smoking at follow up (Borland et al, 1990). This reinforces the notion that knowledge does not motivate an individual to change their behaviour. Individuals are bombarded with so much information in our current society, but people perceive the information based on their own psychological inclination. People can select what they want to hear and ignores others that is likely to make them change their habits. Also people have their own beliefs and ideologies about what causes disease conditiones. And almost every smoker can point out an old smoker who has not developed cancer or someone who died of lung cancer but never smoked.

Invent Your Own Technology Essay :: Writing Essays

Invent Your Own Technology Essay When I was first assigned, the â€Å"invent your own technology† assignment, I had no idea of how I was going to complete this project. I had no understanding of why we had to create a project like this, especially when there are already various writing technologies available to us. I can honestly say, that by the end of this project I had realized how much technologies such as computers, typewriters, pens, pencils, and paper are taken for granted everyday. Dennis Barron said â€Å"writing is first and foremost a technology† (Barron, 37). This statement is something that I agree with! I think that any way someone writes should be considered a technology. The materials used for my project, include: a sweatshirt, twizzlers, and glue. I came up with the idea of gluing the twizzlers to the sweatshirt. When I first began this project, I did not count on being faced with any problems. I thought that I would just glue tiny pieces of cut up twizzler to the sweatshirt and that would be that. The first problem that I faced was: the candy would not stick to the sweatshirt. For whatever reason, the glue was not able to hold the twizzler pieces to the front of the sweatshirt. This definitely prolonged the gluing process. Once this problem had arisen, I went back to try to think of what I would be able to use to glue this candy to. I tried two different things. The first, a sheet. The problems with that was, that the sheet was so flimsy, that when I went to hold it up (like I was going to show it to someone), the candy pieces fell off. The second thing I attempted was a bath towel. The issue with that, was it was too thick. The pieces of ca ndy stayed glued, but the end presentation was not something that I would have been proud to show to the class.

Dr Pepper Analysis

Individuals, companies, schools, restaurants Bargaining power: low, since Coke supplies a numerous variety of products buyers do to have a huge impact on pricing and quantity. Also, customers develop brand loyalty to Coke, thereby making it difficult for buyers to affect prices and quantities as well. Suppliers: fasted restaurants, vending machines, school campuses. Bargaining power: very high, since companies can easily provide Pepsi products which serve as excellent substitutes.Compliments: pizza, burgers, hot dogs, chips, etc SOOT Strengths Weaknesses Concentrated in North America (US, Canada, Mexico where almost 70% of revenues come from Health Craze will hurt soft drink sales Opportunities Acquisitions & alliances Bottled water growth Hispanic growth in the US and Pepsin's ability to meet their tastes with current product lines (I. E. , Substrata chips) Growth In emerging markets Growing consumer health consciousness will help Pepsi as It Is already a leader In non-carbonated dr inks with brands Storage, Aquifer, Lipton; and also with healthy food brands such as Quaker oats.Threats Declining economy/recession Sluggish growth of carbonated drinks Coca-Cola ; other smaller, more nimble operators Commodity price increases, fluctuating oil prices effect production and distribution gas, plastic) IV) SOOT annals;s of PEPSICO Soot consists of examining the current activities of the organization: its strengths and weaknesses, and then using this and external research data to set out the opportunities and threats that exist. A. Internal Strong market position PepsiCo NAS a tremendous presence on ten snack Ana sort rural market.Inane, TN company owns 25% of the non-alcoholic drinks market and 39% of the snack market. * Good economic situation In 2008, PepsiCo was ranked 26th on the top 100 of the global brands ranking in 2008. The same brand value company has raised PepsiCo as an example during the recession: â€Å"Amazon, Pepsi, Audio, Panasonic, and Campbell have all prospered during a challenging year for marketing executives. † PepsiCo most famous brands are all very famous and successful. Thanks to this notoriety, PepsiCo annual sales reach $35 billion. Rand's Popularity of Pepsi has a wide range of brands. These brands are more famous than the Coca Cola Company's ones. For example: people know what Lipton Teas, Tropical beverages or Traitors Tortilla Chips refer to, whereas: who has heard of Pike, Chino r Spur? On this point, PepsiCo is inexorably in a strong position. * Presence PepsiCo has spread its presence in over 200 countries. Products from this brand are sold all over the world. * Diversification PepsiCo brands include drinks and snacks such as ready-to-drink refreshments, bottled water, cereals, crisps or school-snacks.This wide range of product enables the brand to settle down in any place of the world. Lack of capital constraints (availability of large free cash flow) Strong market position Solid brand portfolio Strong r evenue growth Economies of scale Broader product line Popular brand of pop * Geographical concentration PepsiCo tends to focus its activity in North America (US, Canada, Mexico). Almost 70% of revenues come from this region. * Dependence on important clients A big part of PepsiCo sales (12%) are made to Wall-Mart, which creates a dependence supplier-client.Consequently, Wall-Mart's strategy influences PepsiCo actions, especially on lowering prices. * Bad remunerations PepsiCo employees are less paid than the competitors' ones. It may alter the employees' excellence or productivity: they might want to work for a company that revives higher salaries for the same Job. * High recall I en product recalls are Deterrent. I en problem nerve Is Tanat ten return causes are internal: the defects come from the production, they don't come from transports or storage.For example: the salmonella case forced PepsiCo to recall $200,000 worth of pistachios in the US in 2009. Product recalls decrease t he final customers' confidence in the brand. It inevitably alters the company's image. B. External Threats * New measures for health Many occidental governments are creating new regulations and campaigns in order to change people's eating behavior. Snacks and soft drinks are the first â€Å"victims† of this ideological renewal. Coca-Cola is the worst competitor for DRP Pepper because it is more powerful in terms of image and notoriety.In this sector, competition is so sharp that it has a direct influence on prices and sales. * Many successful brands DRP Pepper brands are successful, well-known and they have a good reputation. The products sold by the company are still very popular to the public. A good marketing activity maintains the company in a good situation and confers it a good image. * Quest of other markets If the fact to be concentrated on North America is a weakness, let's say that this is also an interesting challenge of market conquest, for example in Russia or As ia.PepsiCo is powerful; it has enough resources to develop all around the world. * Customer's well-being An important value, which growth is correlated to new regulations on health, is the customer's well-being. It has become the guideline of a marketing operation in the soft drinks market. This notion gives PepsiCo the opportunity to increase innovation for soft drinks. Indeed, the more original and creative you are, the more successful your product will be.

Design, make, test and evaluate a strain gauge sensor Essay

These are my preliminary results that helped me to understand the physics and approach needed to make my experiment successful. In exp1, 3 and 4 I used the same wire and exp2 was a fresh wire. Clearly u can see the set of results obtained in exp2 were different to the other sets of data. After a wire stretches the wire Changes State and becomes a harder material, meaning it will stretch less the next time u apply a strain. Therefore in my real experiment I used fresh wire for each experiment. Trend In Graphs: From the graphs u can see a general trend formed in exp2, as weight is applied the voltage across the rest of the circuit decreases, therefore increasing across the wire. In the other three experiments u can see weight has little or no effect on voltage, thus showing the wire has already been stretched. This can be seen in ‘Chart 1’. Results I have used ‘Ohm’s law’ which is a formula, to get a resistance for my results. R= V/I Experiment one Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Length of Constantine wire (cm) Voltage (v) Resistance (ohms) Voltage (v) Resistance (ohms) Voltage (v) Resistance (ohms). Experiment 4 Experiment 5 Length of Constantine wire (cm) Voltage (v) Resistance (ohms) Voltage (v) Resistance (ohms) 1The anomalies are in red. I have also carried out a further experiment to find out how there is a general increase in voltage and resistance across a wire as it becomes longer. These results support the prediction I have made before hand. I predicted that the longer the wire the greater the resistance will be and then more energy will be needed to push the electrons through. Now I can carry out my experiment, knowing current and voltage will increase as strain is applied on the wire. Results: 1st Set†¦ Length Of Wire/(mm) Current/(milliamps) Weight/(grams) Power, voltage/(millivolts) [Start]8off scale 700 254 This is my first set of results, which I believe to be the most accurate. As u can see there is a clear trend in the increase of current and voltage. There are no anomalies in this experiment. 2nd Set†¦ Length Of Wire/(mm) Current/(milliamps) Weight/(grams) Power, voltage/(millivolts) [Start]8Observations: There was only one major observation and that was to see how the wire stretched as more weight was applied. As more weight was applied the wire slowly stretched until its deformation point. The deformation point is where the wire is stretched or re-shaped so much it cannot return to its original state. Accuracy of Results: The accuracy that I achieved was very high even though I had very little time. Also I got lots of results to make a good analysis. The level of accuracy in this investigation was as high as I could get. The only thing I could of improved was to use more weights and measure every 50grams however this may have taken too long to achieve. I got someone else to check the reading on the meters to be sure I was reading them correctly. Before taking each reading I would also check the connections were crisp between the wire and the rest of the circuit. I could change one or two thing during this experiment. A few examples of these could be the thickness of the wire, the type of wire for example copper and gold. We made sure to limit out systematic error by valuing all the results a 0 for 0 weight. This way only my own human judgement can effect the quality of the results. A random error could of included, when I was reading the results someone knocked or a change in the gravitational field, effected the weight. Also a slight wind could of pushed on the weights for that precise second, tiny chance, but possible! Analysis: First Experiment: The first experiment clearly went much better then the second as I have a significant and clear trend between the strain, current and voltage. From ‘Chart 2’ u can clearly see that as u stretch the wire the current and voltage increase. The voltage only grows very slowly until the wire is deformed, then the electrons need much more energy to move across the wire (large increase in resistance). The sharp slope proves this in ‘Chart 2’. Chart 3 and Chart 4 show this in much more detail. In ‘Chart 3’ u can see where the wire snaps because the stain is too much for it to withstand. Therefore from the first experiment we can see that my theory and hypothesis is proven. Chart 8 shows the general pattern between voltage and current and how resistance increases. Between point 6 and 7 on the X-axis the wire has deformed and resistance has greatly increased. The wire has stretched 45mm, which also increase resistance. Second Experiment: There is one major anomaly in experiment 2 and that is when 100grams were placed on. The reading of power/voltage and current are much too high. On Chart 5 and 6 I have draw a pencil line which I believe should have been the results gained. The general trend again shows that as u stretch the wire the resistance across it increases. Chart 7 shows the general pattern between voltage and current and how resistance increases. Evaluation: A strain gauge can predict when a wire or something with applied stress or stain will deform or even break. When the voltage and current increases in a wire it must mean resistance has also increased. Improvements: If I were to do the experiment again, I could make some improvements to make the level of accuracy better. For example, I could make sure that the joints/connections were jointed properly and would have to make sure I use the same equipment every time. I could also get a machine to measure the length of the fine wire. I would also take more than two sets of results, which would eliminate any factors of anomalies and would therefore make the experiment a lot more reliable.

Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, Modern Architects

Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, Modern Architects Jacques Herzog (born April 19, 1950) and Pierre de Meuron (born May 8, 1950) are two Swiss architects known for innovative designs and construction using new materials and techniques. The two architects have nearly parallel careers. Both men were born the same year in Basel, Switzerland, attended the same school (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland), and in 1978 they formed the architectural partnership, Herzog de Meuron. In 2001, they were chosen to share the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize. Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron have designed projects in England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, the United States, and of course, in their native Switzerland. They have built residences, several apartment buildings, libraries, schools, a sports complex, a photographic studio, museums, hotels, railway utility buildings, and office and factory buildings. Selected Projects: 1999-2000: Apartment buildings, Rue des Suisses, Paris, France1998-2000: Roche Pharma Research Institute Building 92 / Building 41, Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland2000: Tate Modern, London Bankside, UK1998-1999: Central Signal Tower, Basel, Switzerland1998: Ricola Marketing Building, Laufen, Switzerland1996-1998: Dominus Winery, Yountville, California1993: Ricola-Euope SA Production and Storage Building, Mulhouse-Brunstatt, France1989-1991: Ricola Factory Addition and Glazed Canopy, Laufen, Switzerland2003: Prada Boutique Aoyama, Tokyo, Japan2004: IKMZ der BTU Cottbus, Library at Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU), Cottbus, Germany,2004: Edifici Fà ²rum, Barcelona, Spain2005: Allianz Arena, Mà ¼nchen-Frà ¶ttmaning, Germany2005: Walker Art Center expansion, Minneapolis. MN2008: Beijing National Stadium, Beijing, China2010: 1111 Lincoln Road (parking garage), Miami Beach, Florida2012: Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, Kensington Gardens, London, UK2012: Parrish Art Museum, Long Island, New York 2015: Grand Stade de Bordeaux, France2016: Elbphilharmonie concert hall, Hamburg, Germany2017: 56 Leonard Street (Jenga Tower), New York City2017: La tour Triangle, Porte de Versailles, Paris, France2017: M Visual Art Museum in Kowloon, Hong Kong Related People: Rem Koolhaas, Pritzker Prize Laureate, 2000 I.M. Pei, 1983 Pritzker Laureate Robert Venturi, Pritzker Prize Laureate, 1991 Thom Mayne, 2005 Pritzker Laureate Zaha Hadid, Pritzker Prize Laureate, 2004 Commentary on Herzog and de Meuron from the Pritzker Prize Committee: Among their completed buildings, the Ricola cough lozenge factory and storage building in Mulhouse, France stands out for its unique printed translucent walls that provide the work areas with a pleasant filtered light. A railway utility building in Basel, Switzerland called Signal Box has an exterior cladding of copper strips that are twisted at certain places to admit daylight. A library for the Technical University in Eberswalde, Germany has 17 horizontal bands of iconographic images silk screen printed on glass and on concrete. An apartment building on Schà ¼tzenmattstrasse in Basel has a fully glazed street facade that is covered by a moveable curtain of perforated latticework. While these unusual construction solutions are certainly not the only reason for Herzog and de Meuron being selected as the 2001 Laureates, Pritzker Prize jury chairman, J. Carter Brown, commented, One is hard put to think of any architects in history that have addressed the integument of architecture with greater imagination and virtuosity. Ada Louise Huxtable, architecture critic and member of the jury, commented further about Herzog and de Meuron, They refine the traditions of modernism to elemental simplicity, while transforming materials and surfaces through the exploration of new treatments and techniques. Another juror, Carlos Jimenez from Houston who is professor of architecture at Rice University, said, One of the most compelling aspects of work by Herzog and de Meuron is their capacity to astonish. And from juror Jorge Silvetti, who chairs the Department of Architecture, Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, ...all of their work maintains throughout, the stable qualities that have always been associated with the best Swiss architecture: conceptual precision, formal clarity, economy of means and pristine detailing and craftsmanship.

Property Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Property Development - Essay Example With the help of a case example the paper will mainly highlight the merits of traditional residual valuation approach over other valuation methods. Property valuation and different property valuation techniques has been a subject of intense discussion between researchers, academicians and developers. Different approaches to property valuation have been widely contested between different stakeholders. The issue of property appraisal often takes socio-political color due to the range of stakeholders directly affected by the process. According to Williams and Ventolo (2001, p-65), market value means the most probable price which a property should bring in a competitive and open market under all conditions requisite to a fair sale, the buyer and seller each acting prudently and knowledgeably and assuming the price is not affected by undue stimulus. Though the theoretically property valuation is defined by some others Hamid (1996)"as means to interpret market without the personal bias, value, emotion and poor assumption", property appraisal is often looked from a personal perspectives of buyers and sellers. Kahr and Thomsett (2005; p-48) states that valuation is distinguished via attributes of properties and markets; further classification of value are based upon the priorities of investors or owners, including cash flow and potential rental income tax benefits or limitations and perception of future growth in market value. Principles that guide the valuation are: Progression: this principle implies that the value of property will increase due to market demand and better locality. Regression: this principle implies that opposite of above principle also holds true when the value of a property may decrease due to negative market sentiments. Conformity: The principle states that valuation of property tends to appreciate with the similar properties in a similar location. Substitution: This principle implies that a property's greatest potential market value is also limited by the valuation of similar properties in a similar locality. Change: This principle tells that all variables used for valuation tend to change resulting in changes in value of the property. Anticipation: This principle implies that valuation depends upon the expectation of future growth. Contribution: This principle states that the investment on an existing property may contribute in valuation, though it is not necessary that increase in valuation is equal to investment. Plottage: This principle implies that the consistency in ownership, zoning and usage of land tend to increase the value of land. Highest and best value: This principle states that the value of a land is maximum when the land is utilized in best possible manner. Competition: This principle implies that the valuation of a property varies according to supply and demand of properties in market. Property appraisal aims to determine different type of values such as market value, value in use, investment value, insurance and taxable value, and liquidation value, which gives rise to need of different valuation methods and standards. These valuation systems also vary in different countries according to their laws and economic practices. In, UK five valuation methods are used which are discussed in following sections whereas in US

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis - Case Study Example He speaks in a stream of words that refer to the world and how â€Å"screw up it is†, when he reflects back on the traumatic experience he underwent. Signs of PTSD can be activated by sounds, memories, and dreams linked to the past trauma (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). In addition, seeing the objects or the people who may have taken some part in the trauma may trigger the symptoms of PTSD. He desperately wants to call his sister because he feels that she could be a source of solace when he is in problems. Jack exhibits post-traumatic stress symptoms, which are classified into three DSM IV categories. First is the persistent re-experiencing of the incident, which is also referred to as the intrusive signs. In this category, the victim could be experiencing vivid recollections, nightmares and a feeling of re-living the incident. Second is the persistent evasion of any stimuli, which might remind them of the traumatic condition. Finally, is a state where the victim experiences hyperaousal condition that causes hepervigilance, sleep interruption, and startle reflexes (Yehuda et al. 2002). The consequence of all these behaviors is some level of mental distortion, which prevents the victims from taking part in their daily activities. Other signs include bad temper, emotional liability, agitation, and sometimes eruption of violent behavior. If Jack is not treated on time, he may result to substance abuse in an attempt to seek self medication. Depending on the duration that Jack has suffered from this disorder since he experienced the traumatic event, the disorder can be categorized based on the DSM IV 4 including acute stress reaction, acute PTSD, chronic PTSD and delayed onset of PTSD. A multiaxial Diagnostic System commonly denoted as DSM-IV-TR uses diagnostic system with 5 levels used in the classification of disorders and illnesses. These five levels assist whoever is providing a