How Did Conversations Happen - 1894 Words

Part 2. Written response. You will write a 3-5 page, double- 1- What happened in the meeting? (How was it structured? How long did it last? How did conversations happen?) 1- The sponsor opened the meeting by introducing himself and the meeting purpose. Then, he suggested us with a moment of silence followed by the serenity of prayer.Later, the sponsor read the preamble and asked one of the AA members from his group to read the how it works from the alcoholic anonymous big book, followed by the 12 traditions as well. Moreover, the AA SUPPORT GROUP GUIDELINES were reviewed because they were new members present in the meeting. Here was when the sponsor explained the privacy and confidentiality aspects of the meeting. So, the main†¦show more content†¦The sponsor suggested AA members to continue taking part of the meeting and successfully manage their lives free of alcohol consumption. Hence, the sponsor also suggested the visitors to deliver the message about the effectiveness of the AA model to others alcoholics, including other individuals with different addictive disorders.So, they can change their lives for better by getting back the cont rol of their own lives. Over all, The meeting was well structured because there were members from others AA groups that attended to. The meeting I attended was conducted by the group Unidad y Armornia and others two invited groups that joined it such as, Volver a vivir and buscando la verdad. I liked the fact that all the invited groups had enough time to share their experiences with each other.This occurred because they were considerate to each other and managed properly their own talk-timing.So, all people from different groups had the time to be heard. Moreover, the meeting was conducted in Spanish and all the members were from Latinos backgrounds, especially Dominicans and Mexicans. I enjoyed the meeting a lot because the AA members were very humorous while exposing their experiences and that is how the conversations took place. They did not look ashamed or mad at themselves for being alcoholics, they opened their souls one to another

The Tragic Death Of Virginia Woolf - 1257 Words

There have been many tragic moments throughout the years, especially back when women weren’t treated unequally. Years have gone by and many women have fought for what they believed in which was equality between men and woman. In the 1920’s there were two people that tragically lost their lives fighting for what they believed in and what they sought out for. Women in past didn’t have rights or a voice, so this lead for a difficult era for women to have an opinion in anything, but to cater to the man of house. Virginia Woolf was someone who died a tragic death. She was a writer who everyone else looked up to and inspired; she wanted to encourage the young women how they aren’t any different from men and have equal rights like anyone else. Virginia Woolf had the impression of anything that women say didn’t matter or made a difference. When it comes to women duties and men duties, neither of them should be doing the opposite. For example, in the past a women’s sentence was her sentence and was considered different from a man’s sentence. Ms. Woolf believed it was wrong for women to like men, live like men, or look like men. Even though she didn’t think neither men nor women are better than one another, she believed that these two human beings were different in many ways. Her belief was that the neurotransmitter in men and women would give different frequencies and were very different when compared. With that being said, what is the difference of a man expressing his selfShow MoreRelatedEssay On Mrs Dalloway1021 Words   |  5 Pagesin Mrs. Dalloway Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway is a detailed day of a high society british woman named Clarissa Dalloway who is the host of a party. As she goes on with her day for preparations for the party, a tragic event stumbles upon an acquaintance of hers before the grand festivity. When word spreads of the shocking yet terrifying accident, Clarissa has an eye-opening realization because of the event that causes her to change her life and future for the better. Woolf masterly incorporatesRead MoreEssay about The Death of the Moth Analysis1518 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Death of the Moth† Analysis Life is a constant struggle against the ever present chill of death. Fear, betrayal, and cowardice all stems from life’s distaste of death. Human beings naturally rebuke the unknown, so it is only logical that people fight the inevitability of death. However, most people are ignorant of the reality of one day dying, prompting writer Virginia Woolf to write the essay, â€Å"The Death of the Moth†, in order to convey the frailty of life whilst also showing the awesomeRead MoreFeminism in Mrs. Dalloway1341 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism in Mrs. Dalloway Virginia Woolf is one of the greatest writers whose works reflect her philosophy of life and identification of women. 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Historical Paper Free Essays

Here is a paper on Historical Report on Race Historical Report on Race Nigel Faison ETH/125- Cultural Diversity June 24, 2012 Tiff Archie Axia College of the University Phoenix Historical Report on Race Dear, John Doe I am writing you this letter to let you know some of the struggles of African Americans throughout history. It is my sincere hope, that this helps you to understand the people of my race better; furthermore, I hope that it answers any questions that you may have had. Since we are friends, I just wanted to give you some insight into my culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now My people were brought to this country in 1619, to work for white people, and by 1661, Virginia had enacted the very first slave law. â€Å"By 1776, the year the United States declared its independence from Great Britain, slavery was legal in every state, and African Americans labored as slaves throughout the North as well as the South. † (Social Probelms, Ch. 3, p. 65). From the beginning, my people were being subjected to a life of servitude. During the slave trade African American families were routinely split up for profit. Can you imagine the effect that this had on the people, to have their families torn apart? African Americans had to do whatever they were told to do by their so called â€Å"masters† and if they did not as history tells us, they were whipped, beaten, and even hanged. It was said that â€Å"African Americans were not really people. † (Social Problems, Ch. 3, p. 65). This is how a society that was supposed to be civilized viewed other human beings. Later, after slavery ended, African Americans continued to face prejudice and discrimination in their everyday lives. African Americans were being denied their basic civil rights and institutional discrimination was the norm. African Americans were not allowed to go to school with whites, drink from the same water fountains, stay at the same hotels, eat at the same restaurants, vote, and had to give up their seat to white people on the bus. Proof of this can be seen in a ruling of the Supreme Court of the United States. â€Å"In the 1857 Dred Scott case, the U. S. Supreme Court stated that slaves were not citizens entitled to the rights and protections of U. S. law. † This was backed up by segregation and Jim Crow laws. Social Problems, Ch. 3, p. 65). Some of the political, social, and cultural issues and concerns throughout American history for African Americans were gaining our freedom, civil rights, and equality for our people. Our people had been through so much and the fight to gain these things would take years, even today, the issue of equality seems to still not be settled as reflecte d in the wages paid to African Americans. The median pay of White men is $52,273, for woman it is $40,219. The median pay of Black men is $40,219, for woman it is $32,829. In addition, it is said that the level of education has nothing to do with the gap, because even at the â€Å"highest levels† it is still present. (Racial and Ethnic Groups, Ch. 3, p. 67). Why are we paid so much less for performing the same jobs? I think that discrimination has to be playing a role here, would you agree? John, as I mentioned earlier; slavery, segregation, and Jim Crow laws were enacted against African Americans. These laws were established to deny us of our civil rights and allowed for legal discrimination against African Americans. Organizations or groups that fought against these laws were, â€Å"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). † They fought these laws by having protests, demonstrations, political organizing, and voter registration drives in the Civil Rights Movement (1950s and 1960s). The results of these actions were laws such as, the Civil Rights Act (1964), Voting Rights Act (1965). http://nationalhumanitiescenter. org/tserve/freedom/1917beyond/essays/crm. htm). What these laws achieved, with one addition, is the following: â€Å"Civil Rights Act of 1964 (prohibiting segregation in employment and public accommodations), the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (banning voting requirements that prevented African Americans from having a political voice), and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (which outlawed discrimination in housing ). Together, these laws brought an end to most legal discrimination in public How to cite Historical Paper, Papers

Strategic Cost Management and Performance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Cost Management and Performance. Answer: Introduction In the Barossa Valley the development association has been formed named the Barossa Valley Development Association Inc. (BVDA). The main purpose of this association is to provide knowledge of the locality that would enhance the development. The Barrosa valley which is known for its wine and scenic beauty attracts many tourist and is planning to conduct a case study to explore the management and the accounting issue. For the research, the Barrossa valley has appointed a family named Karmichael. The main purpose of the research is to point out the various issues in the accounting like underutilization of the resources and accounting processes (Cooper 2017 p 27, para 12). The Karmichael is one of the family businesses that work under the BVDA. It has three businesses located outside of Tanunda. Since the middle of 1800s, the property was converted to vineyards and in the mid-1960s into a boutique winery. The three businesses are run by different family members and each of them deals wit h different products and services. The crooked creek vines that was established by Paul and Mary Karmichael is now taken over by their son and his wife, Grace and Alby deals with the red wines and have recently planted new varieties which are about to give the first harvest. The second one is Vine Dining that is run by Sophie that deals with food products and dining, that produces and promotes a farm-to-table concept with varying menu depending on season and harvest. Samuel who is the brother of Sophie has opened a bakery named Rolling in Dough that includes a including a range of gluten free baked products. The main purpose of the discussion is to identify the various cost associated with the Karmichael holding and the accounting management issues of the same. The Barossa Valley Development Association Inc. needs to identify the process and policies of the Karmichael holding so point out the issues in the accounting (Henri Boiral and Roy 2016). It has been suspected that the management accounting is underutilized and the main reason behind the same is due to the misunderstanding of the business owners. In the Karmichael holding, although, there are three kinds of business that deals with three different kinds of commodities the management processes and policies are same ( pp 3, para 6). Cost classifications and use of information in decision-making: The cost classification is the process in which the Karmichael holding classifies its various costs into different categories. The categories of costing include fixed cost, variable costs, production cost and opportunity costs. The costs are classified according to their function, traceability, timing of charge against revenue, behavior and relevance to the decision making. In the given organization pilot study it has been found that the cost are classified into manufacturing cost and the other is the non-manufacturing costs. As per their name, the manufacturing costs refer to the goods that are converted from the raw materials and are manufactured for sale (Sechilariu Wang and Locment 2014 p 9, para 16). In Karmichael holding the crooked creek, Vine Dining, Rolling in Dough have different kinds of products manufactured and require different kinds of raw materials. Similarly, non-manufacturing costs differ in the three d ifferent sections. It includes the selling expenses and the administrative expenses. The Karmichael being a tourist spot does not require any advertisement and costs of promotion (Lanen 2016, p 56 para 102). When it comes to decision making of the Karmichael there are three types of decisions. One is the strategic decisions; the second is the operational decision and the third is the managerial decisions (Homburget al. 2016 p 35, para 98). The strategic is the are non-repetitive in nature and are not related to the operations of the business. The operational decision deals with the regular functioning of the business. Then comes the managerial decisions that are needed for development, research and innovation. However, there are issues that are pointed out in the decision-making process in the Karmichael holding. At times, it is difficult for them to come into a conclusion, as there is an existence of multiple owners and all are co-related. This can be a major issue while taking a decision. Moreover, there are multiple kinds of business in the Karmichael which may lead to conflicts and confusion as the family members are only the owners and the managers as well (Ingram et al.2015 p 123, para 345). Cost estimation: The cost estimation refers to the total cost of the project program and operation. In the given case the estimated cost of the Karmichael holding the tendering or Cost Estimation is a part of project management subjects other than planning, monitoring, risk analysis, and budgeting. The Karmichael holding, dedicate a departmental organization to carry out coat estimation. It takes place for all three of the business undertakings within the holding and estimates the cost all together. The cost estimate of Karmichael holding has three main parts: Direct cost analysis: The direct cost is the cost of regular working of the Karmichael holding, it includes the labor cost, cost of purchase of plants and machineries, various materials and many more. The Karmichael holding deals with three business the crooked creek that deals with the vinery estimates the cost of the machines that help in the extraction of wines and various raw materials for production and its innovation. Vine Dining estimates the cost various cost related to food products and dining. The Rolling in Dough also estimates the various associated costs within including cost of the raw materials and other direct expenses (Boardman et al. 2017 p 86 para: 54 ). Indirect cost analysis: The indirect cost is the somewhat same for all the three businesses that includes the staff salaries, accommodation, office expenses. All three businesses estimate the indirect cost similarly as the three of them are located in the same location. Mark up: the mark is the investment decisions that are taken by the owners of the company who are the businesses top management (Konijeti et al. 2014. para-10). The Karmichael holding estimates the costs by using the excel sheet, moreover, there are many software programs that are used which makes the process much easier. The business uses the Candy CCS for accurate and fair estimation. Cost-volume-profit analysis: Karmichael holding uses the CVP analysis technique for determining the costs and volume changes that affect the company's operating net income. In performing the CVP analysis, there are several assumptions, as per their procedure they take sales price per unit, variable costs per unit, total fixed costs to be constant. They also assume that everything that is produced is sold and the costs are only affected because of changes in business activities. The company uses the net income equation of cost volume profit analysis. The problem encountered by Karmichael holding when cost-volume-profit analysis stands as a basis for decision-making is managerial inefficiency and this includes ignorance of this concept that is inability of the management to employ it in their decision making and also not knowing the importance of cost volume- profit analysis. Karmichael holding are not relevant in their decision-making process (Palanski, Avey and Jiraporn 2014 p257, pa ra 5). Job and process costing: Job costing is the method of recording themanufacturingjob, rather than process. Withthe help of this, the accountantcan keep track of the cost of each job, maintain data which is often more relevant to the operations of thebusiness. Job costing is the accounting methodology that the used to track the expense of manufacturing costs. Due to the fact that certain operations that takes place in the Karmichael require different operations, the manager use this methodology to trace the expenses of each job in order to use this information for tax and accounting analysis. The forms of Job Costing have includes the various direct costs like labor,materials, andoverhead (Said 2016 p 14 para 6). The various Cost in the Karmichael incurred stays in the work-in-process account throughout the job and when the job completed, they are transferred to the finished goods account. The job costing enables the accountants to can make sense of complicated jobs, which are moving towards the process of completion. The Karmichael uses the technique of job costing, as it is the most efficient process. They also use job-costing software that increases the efficiency and effectiveness. The Bookkeepers can run the system quite smoothly in this process. Although while surveying on the accounting issues in the Karmichael holding, it can be said the process of Job costing is comparatively more expensive as more clerical work is involved in identifying each element of cost with specific departments and jobs this increases the chances of errors (Garvey, Book and Covert 2016, p 225, para 295). Activity-based costing: The activity-based costing is a costing methodology that is used by the Karmichael holding where they assign each of the cost of activity with resources to all products and services. It has three sectors out of which the Vine Dining follows this type of costing as it activity based assigns the cost of each activity with resources to all products and services. it is beneficial for them as Vine Dining deals with various products like food, theme-based dining and hospitality. This model allocates the overhead costs into direct costcompared to conventional costing. It is the most trending and effective process of cost management. It Identifies and eliminates those products and services that are unprofitable and enables modification. It focuses on allocation of costs in operational management and segregates, the costs into fixed cost, variable cost and overhead costs. The fixed cost deals with the unavoidable costs that is not dependent on the production and sales (Eldenburg et al. 2016, p 556, para 897). The variable cost changes with the amount of production and varies. The overhead costs are the indirect costs that are related to the production and operations. This split of cost helps to identifythe cost drivers if achieved. In the process, the direct labor and materials is easy to trace directly to products, but it is more difficult to directly allocate indirect costs to products (Cascio 2018 p 129, para 45). However in order to identify the issues in the cost management process it can be said, applicability of ABC is bound to cost of required data capture that drives the prevalence to slow processes in administrations and services, where staff time consumed per task defines a dominant portion of cost. Hence the reported application for production tasks do not appear as favorable. Conclusion The process Cost management refers to the planning and controlling the policies of a business according to their operations. It is a form of management that enables a business to predict the expenditures and help in reducing the chance of going over the anticipated budget.Implementing a cost management structure for projects can help a business keep their over-all budget under control. In the given scenario, the Karmichael holds three kinds of business one deals with vine products, one deals with fine dining and the other deals with bakery. It can be said after analyzing the different kind of cost processes in the three different sectors namely crooked creek, Vine Dining, Rolling in Dough have different functions and therefore, the process of accounting is different for different sector. For crooked creek and rolling in dough, the job costing can be effectively used and in case of Vine Dining, the Activity Based costing is the most suitable one. An efficient process of analyzing the process of costing will enable to resolve the issue of underutilization of resources and manage the misunderstanding between the owners. References Boardman, A.E., Greenberg, D.H., Vining, A.R. and Weimer, D.L., 2017.Cost-benefit analysis: concepts and practice. Cambridge University Press.(Assesed from:https://www.lovetestbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/test-bank-for-cost-benefit-analysis-4-9780137002696.pdf) Cascio, W., 2018.Managing human resources. McGraw-Hill Education.(Assessed from:https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/6473908/583915094.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1527749284Signature=4SkChyUXx%2FfK3JLlDFWXD1ttISY%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DManaging_human_resources.pdf) Cuguer-Escofet, N. and Fito, M., 2016. The Impact of ABC Costing Systems to Solve Managerial Cost Problems: A Real Improvement, a Fad or a Fashion?.(Assessed from:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2987846) Henri, J.F., Boiral, O. and Roy, M.J., 2016. Strategic cost management and performance: The case of environmental costs.The British Accounting Review,48(2), pp.269-282.9 (Assessed from:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0882611015301243) Ingram, T.N., LaForge, R.W., Williams, M.R. and Schwepker Jr, C.H., 2015.Sales management: Analysis and decision making. Routledge.(Assessed from:https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317460282)Konijeti, G.G., Sauk, J., Shrime, M.G., Gupta, M. and Ananthakrishnan, A.N., 2014. Cost-effectiveness of competing strategies for management of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a decision analysis.Clinical Infectious Diseases,58(11), pp.1507-1514. (Assessed from:https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/58/11/1507/2895342) Lanen, W., 2016.Fundamentals of cost accounting. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. (Assesed from:https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.474.3175rep=rep1type=pdf) Mahal, I. and Hossain, A., 2015. Activity-Based Costing (ABC)An Effective Tool for Better Management.Research Journal of Finance and Accounting,6(4), pp.66-74.(Assesed from:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md_Akram_Hossain/publication/309398925_Activity-Based_Costing_ABC_-_An_Effective_Tool_for_Better_Management/links/580e70bb08aef766ef10e546.pdf) Palanski, M., Avey, J.B. and Jiraporn, N., 2014. The effects of ethical leadership and abusive supervision on job search behaviors in the turnover process.Journal of Business Ethics,121(1), pp.135-146. (Assessed from:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-013-1690-6) Said, H.A., 2016. Using Different Probability Distributions for Managerial Accounting Technique: The Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis.Journal of Business and Accounting,9(1),p.3.(Assessedfrom:https://asbbs.org/files/2016/JBA_Vol9_2016.pdf#page=4) Sechilariu, M., Wang, B.C. and Locment, F., 2014. Supervision control for optimal energy cost management in DC microgrid: Design and simulation.International Journal of Electrical Power Energy Systems,58, pp.140-149. (Assessed from:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061514000313)

The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay Essay Example

The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay Paper The Crusades are considered as an built-in portion of World History. They were important events for Islam and Christendom likewise. What are the Crusades all about? Why did they happen? What was its intent? This research paper aims to discourse the definition. beginning and most significantly. the intent of the Crusades. Definition of Campaign The Crusades are military jaunts with a spiritual aim. as these are sanctioned by the Pope and the Church ( Sloan. 2000 ; â€Å"Crusades–Battles. † 2008 ) . Originally. the word â€Å"Crusade† meant all missions accomplished on the promise of salvaging the Christian districts from Muslim business ( Brehier. 1908 ) . However. during the mediaeval times. the word had acquired a cover definition. as it came to include all wars against enemies of Christendom ( Brehier. 1908 ) . All the Crusades occurred between the eleventh and the 13th centuries A. D. ( â€Å"Crusades–Battles. † 2008 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Harmonizing to Sloan ( 2000 ) . the term â€Å"crusade† was derived from the Portuguese wordcruzado. which means â€Å"mark with a cross. † Other beginnings. on the other manus. province that the word meant â€Å"cloth cross† ( Brehier. 1908 ; â€Å"Crusades-Battles. † 2008 ) . As the definition implies. the symbol for the Crusades was the Christian cross ( â€Å"Crusades–Battles. † 2008 ) . and it was secured on the garment worn by the Crusaders ( Brehier. 1908 ; Sloan. 2000 ) . Beginning of Crusades The Crusades were the consequence of a metempsychosis of spiritual ardor in 10th century Europe ( Sloan. 2000 ) . However. this was non the lone ground. as the people who were involved with the Campaigns joined because of personal involvements every bit good ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The Crusades were besides called â€Å"holy wars. † as they provided a locale for the pontificate to pay a legitimate war against the enemies of Christianity ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The Crusades besides gave the spiritual an chance to obtain redemption by agencies of pilgrims journey ( Sloan. 2000 ) . Four centuries prior. similar pilgrims journeies have occurred because of the ongoing feud between the Muslims and the Christians ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The finishs of the said pilgrims journeies include the countries where both faiths meet. illustrations of which are Sicily. Italy. Asia Minor and Spain ( Sloan. 2000 ) . Jerusalem is another pilgrim finish ( Sloan. 2000 ) . In a manner. the Crusades were highly helpful to the pontificate. and it is non merely because of the Pope’s aim of taking back lands from the custodies of Muslims. The Crusades besides served to interpret the combatant inclinations of the Christians into a productive enterprise ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The Crusades enjoyed popularity and intense support from the Christians merely because they were a manifestation of a Godhead licence to contend other work forces in the name of redemption ( Sloan. 2000 ) . Meanwhile. the attempts of the Crusaders helped the Church spread the influence of Christianity all over the universe ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The Crusades began in the 11th century. and stemmed from the bing issues of morality and political relations of Western Christendom ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The twelvemonth 1095 marked the thirtieth day of remembrance of William the Conqueror’s success in the fusion of England ( â€Å"The Church and the Crusaders. † 2007 ) . However. the Gallic had delegated the districts to certain relations. spliting it in the procedure ( â€Å"The Church and the Crusaders. † 2007 ) . It was these districts that caused feud between brothers. which subsequently resulted in warfare ( â€Å"The Church and the Crusaders. † 2007 ) . That is why during that period. Europe consisted of many provinces which were ruled by sovereign ( Brehier. 1908 ) . These sovereigns were excessively preoccupied with territorial struggles while the emperor. who governed over Christendom. was engrossed with coronation jobs ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Merely the Catholic Pope had a considerable capacity to unite the provinces ; hence. merely the pontificate could originate such an ambitious enterprise like the Crusades ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The governments did recognize that Europe was really much susceptible to menaces from the Byzantine Empire and the Muslims ( Brehier. 1908 ) . However. the Catholic Pope could non easy convince people to take part in a bold journey like the Crusades for the ground of the mere chase of Jerusalem ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Fortunately for the Catholic Pope. the pressing issues with Syria were plenty to actuate Christians to ship on the Crusades. and Pope Urban II did non hold much trouble looking for participants ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The latter portion of the 5th century saw the uninterrupted exposure to the East. Cities such as Gaul and Italy were visited by Syrians who brought with them Eastern humanistic disciplines. civilization and faith ( Brehier. 1908 ) . In add-on. Western Christians have travelled to topographic points such as Syria. Palestine and Egypt. largely because they wanted to travel to Jerusalem. There were so many pilgrims journeies to the East. and even onslaughts by savages did non decrease the Numberss. As a response to the demands of the legion pilgrims journeies. St. Gregory the Great built a hospice for the pilgrims in Jerusalem in 600 AD ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The early portion of the 8th century saw the troubles the Anglo-saxons had to confront merely to make the Holy Land ( Brehier. 1908 ) . An illustration of such adversity which was the instance of St. Willibald. Bishop of Eichstadt. whose pilgrims journey lasted seven long old ages ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Following their victory in the West. the Carolingians sought to better the province of the Latin citizens situated in the Eastern district ( Brehier. 1908 ) . This determination resulted in the understanding between Pepin the Short and Caliph of Bagdad ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Through the representatives from Haroun al-Rashid. the â€Å"keys to the Holy Sepulchre. the streamer from Jerusalem and some cherished relics† were given to the King of Franks ( Brehier. 1908. parity. 6 ) on November 30. 800. This gesture was symbolic. as it came to mean the â€Å"Frankish associated state over the Christians of Jerusalem† ( Brehier. 1908. parity. 6 ) . Seventy old ages after. Bernard the Monk went on a journey to Jerusalem. and found that the agreement was still upheld. There was prosperity and growing for the constitutions. a testament to the regular sending of alms to Jerusalem from the West ( Brehier. 1908 ) . However. things began to alter by the 10th century. Europe was confronting a sociopolitical crisis. and the pilgrims journeies were all of a sudden disrupted by Muslims ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The Muslims. under the leading of Caliph Omar. have occupied Jerusalem in 637 AD ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . Since so. Jerusalem had been under Muslim control. Despite this. spiritual tolerance between the two religions existed ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . The Muslims gave the pilgrims permission to travel about with their spiritual enterprises. granted that they were to pay for them to be allowed entree ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . On the other manus. they prohibited the building of new churches and the exhibition of crosses outside church premises ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . The civil relation between Islam and Christianity was sustained for 400 old ages ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . until the torment occurred ( Sloan. 2000 ) . It was found that Muslims were hassling those that visited the Holy Land. which made the trips to Jerusalem about intolerable. The state of affairs got worse. as the Fatimite Caliph of Egypt named Hakem demanded that all Christian establishments destroyed in 1009. including the Holy Sepulchre. ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The wake of this event resulted in widespread Christian subjugation ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The twelvemonth 1027 saw the overthrow of the Frankish associated state. which was later replaced by the Byzantine emperors ( Brehier. 1908 ) . As a people. the Muslims were non conditioned to be ever at war ; it is their faith that is responsible for their combatant dispositions ( Madden. 2002 ) . This is because Islam had ever been rooted in war ( Madden. 2002 ) . Even during Mohammed’s epoch. Islam had to fall back to warfare to distribute its beliefs ( Madden. 2002 ) . Islamic thought had long upheld a duality of the universe through the two residences. the Abode of Islam and the Abode of War ( Madden. 2002 ) . Both residences were for Muslims merely. go forthing no room for any other faith. However. tolerance is still possible. but merely within the parametric quantities established by Islam ( Madden. 2002 ) . This tolerance. on the other manus. was non an original facet of Islam. Harmonizing to Islamic beliefs. the belongingss and districts of other faiths. such as Christianity and Judaism. should be eradicated and seized ( Madden. 2002 ) . This belief likely originated during the 7th century. the clip when Mohammed was contending against Mecca ( Madden. 2002 ) . Back so. Christianity was highly influential and had legion districts to its name. doing it susceptible to Muslim onslaughts ( Madden. 2002 ) . After Mohammed died. the Muslims devoted their lives to the conflict against Christianity ( Madden. 2002 ) . They did so win in this enterprise ; one by one. Christian districts fell in the custodies of the Muslims. Jerusalem included. Despite the Muslim bullying. pilgrims continued to continue to Jerusalem in the 11th century. If earlier pilgrims journeies consisted of members of the wealthier category. this clip even in-between category citizens participated in the pilgrims journeies ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The figure of pilgrims increased ; Richard. Abbot of Saint-Vannes. brought 700 pilgrims with him in 1026. while Gunther. Bishop of Bamberg. led 12. 000 Germans to the Holy Land ( Brehier. 1908 ) . It was Gunther’s group that had to support themselves from Bedouins. turn outing that the faithful were excessively devoted to the Holy Sepulchre to withdraw ( Brehier. 1908 ) . This is a testament to the dedication of the pilgrims. that even though they knew the danger inherent in the trip. they still proceeded. They would volitionally put on the line their lives for this spiritual enterprise. However. it was the Seljukian Turks who became the biggest menace to the pilgrims. the Byzantine Empire and Christendom as a whole ( Brehier. 1908 ) . One by one. districts were sacked and captured by the Turks: Jerusalem was the first to be captured. rapidly followed by Asia Minor. Syria and Antioch ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Soon. all the districts were under Turkish control. The offenses committed by the Turks against the Christians were plenty: shrines were desecrated. pilgrims were either beat up. kidnapped or killed. while relics and other belongingss were stolen. This state of affairs prompted the Constantinople emperors to inquire the Catholic Popes for aid. which resulted in communicating between Michael VII and Gregory VII ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The Purpose of Crusades Because of the Seljukian Turks’ onslaught towards Byzantine Empire and Christendom. the thought of the Crusades emerged. The initial thought consisted of the Catholic Pope directing out military personnels to the East with three aims in head: â€Å"to re-establish Christian integrity. repel the Turks. and rescue the Holy Sepulchre† ( Brehier. 1908. parity. 8 ) . Unfortunately. this program was non put into action ; there were several factors that served as hinderances. To get down with. the Investitures had the Catholic Pope preoccupied ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Besides. emperors Nicephorus Botaniates and Alexius Comnenus both disapproved of a Roman spiritual brotherhood. Last. the war that had all of a sudden erupted between the Normans of the Sicilies and the Byzantine Empire was another factor ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The Birth of the Campaign However. the Crusades still came into fruition. this clip under the authorization of Pope Urban II ( Brehier. 1908 ) . In fact. many historiographers consider the construct of the Crusades as Pope Urban II’s inspiration ( Brehier. 1908 ) . In the twelvemonth 1095. Pope Urban II had a conference in Clermont. France ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . After eight yearss. the Catholic Pope delivered a address to the crowd. in which he declared his desire to salvage Jerusalem from the custodies of the Muslims ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . Pope Urban II besides said that all those who would take part would hold unsusceptibility from the wickednesss that will be committed in the Crusades ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . The crowd responded good to the pope’s call. and answered him with the statement: â€Å"It is the will of God† ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. . parity. 2 ) . The Unofficial Crusade under Peter the Hermit However. it was Peter the Hermit who started the Crusades. From Picardy. he had traveled to Jerusalem and saw the Holy Sepulchre for himself ( Brehier. 1908 ) . It was this visit that encouraged Peter the Hermit to near the Catholic Pope about his purposes about the Crusade. In bend. Pope Urban II gave Peter the Hermit his approval ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Hence. it was Peter the Hermit who led the first campaign. despite its unofficial position ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † n. d. ) . The campaign of Peter the Hermit began in 1095. in which he gave discourses to provincials to promote them to take part in the campaigns ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . As a consequence. he had gathered a little group of people who would travel to Jerusalem ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . It was Peter the Hermit’s ardor for prophesying that worked to his advantage. It was this quality that converted provincials into reformers. people who embraced his instructions so much that he was considered as a saint ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . Regardless of his part to the Crusades. the bookmans have downplayed his portion. doing him look less of import than how he was earlier portrayed by the likes of Albert of Aix and William of Tyre ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Unfortunately. the campaign of Peter the Hermit was unsuccessful. The reformers exhibited disorderly behavior while going ; they stole nutrient and supplies from the people’s places ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . In add-on. they killed Hebrews while they were still in the European district ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . The first functionary Crusade had one simple aim: the retrieval of Jerusalem from Muslim control ( â€Å"The First Crusade. † 2008 ) . In a military position. this was the most winning among all the other Crusades ( United Methodist Women. n. d. ) . The first Crusade invaded the Holy Land. an onslaught that lasted for five hebdomads ( Metropolitan Museum of Art [ MET ] . 2007 ) . In 1099. Christianity had gained Jerusalem back ( MET. 2007 ) . The Second Crusade occurred between 1147 and 1149. and was led by Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux ( MET. 2007 ) . This was non every bit successful as the first 1. because the Muslim forces had regained their strength ( MET. 2007 ) . By October 1187. under the leading of Salah al-Din. the Muslim military personnels recaptured the Holy Land ( MET. 2007 ) . The Third Crusade was successful. insofar as it recaptured Cyprus and Acre metropolis ( MET. 2007 ) . The most destructive Campaign. non to advert the most dissatisfactory for the Church was the Fourth Crusade ( MET. 2007 ) . The Crusaders deviated from the original program. and attacked Constantinople alternatively ( MET. 2007 ) . There were three more Campaigns after. In decision. the Crusades were rooted in the defence against Muslim aggression. The chief intent of the Crusades was to repossess control over the Holy Land. and unite Christendom one time once more. The Crusades are so a important portion of history. as it plays a cardinal function in the development and growing of Islam and Christianity. Regardless of one’s faith. these events must be considered so that the errors committed in the past must non be repeated. In the terminal. the difference in faith must be celebrated and respected. Mentions AllAboutGod. com. ( 2008 ) . Crusades-battles. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. allaboutgod. com/crusades. htm Brehier. L. ( 1908 ) .The Catholic encyclopaedia( D. Potter. trans. ) New York: Robert Appleton Company. EyeWitnesstoHistory. com. ( n. d. ) . The reformers capture Jerusalem. 1099. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. eyewitnesstohistory. com/crusades. htm HistoryLearningSite. co. ( 2008 ) . The first campaign. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //historylearningsite. co. uk/cru2. htm Madden. T. F. ( 2002 ) . The existent history of the campaigns.Crisis Magazine. 20 ( 4 ). n. P. MedievalCrusades. com. ( 2007 ) . The church and the reformers. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. medievalcrusades. com/ MedievalCrusades. com. ( 2007 ) . The campaigns begin. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. medievalcrusades. com/crusadesbegin. htm Metropolitan Museum of Art. ( 2007 ) . The campaigns ( 1095-1291 ) . Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/crus/hd_crus. htm Sloan. J. ( 2000 ) . The campaigns in the Levant ( 1097-1291 ) . Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //xenophongroup. com/montjoie/crusade2. htm United Methodist Women. ( n. d. ) The Christian reformers. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //gbgm-umc. org/UMW/bible/crusades. short-term memory

Definition and Examples of the Habitual Past in Grammar

Definition and Examples of the Habitual Past in Grammar Definition In English grammar, the habitual past is a verb aspect that is used to refer to repeated events in the past. Also called past-habitual aspect or past-repetitive aspect. The habitual past is indicated most frequently by the semi-auxiliary verb used to, the auxiliary would, or the simple past tense of a verb. Examples and Observations She would practice every day until she could hit that mark running, turning, jumping, sideways, or in any form she chose.(Linda Wallace Edwards, The Legend of White Sky. Tate Publishing, 2011)And when most everyone was fast asleep, hed practice every single exercise hed seen demonstrated earlier in the courtyard, feverishly absorbed in the perfection of his art.(Robert Joseph Banfelder, No Stranger Than I. Hudson View Press, 1990)I practiced every day, and if I couldnt find a buddy to play with Id throw the ball against the barn wall and catch it.(Devon Mihesuah, The Lightning Shrikes. Lyons Press, 2004)When I was a kid I used to pray every night for a new bicycle. Then I realized that the Lord doesnt work that way, so I stole one and asked Him to forgive me.(American comedian Emo Philips)i usta wonder who id be when I was a little girl in Indianapolissitting on doctors porches with post-dawn pre-debs(wondering would my aunt drag me to church Sunday) . . . (Nikki Giovanni, Adulthood. The Selected Poems of Nikki Giovanni. William Morrow, 1996) Using Used To (Usta) and Would in the Habitual Past The auxiliary used tocolloquially contracted to ustais employed to signal the past-habitual or past-repetitive aspect, as in: (32a) She used to talk more often​ (32b) He used to visit regularly Unlike progressive aspectual auxiliaries, used to cannot be preceded by other auxiliaries or followed by an -ing marked main verb. Thus compare: (33a) She may keep go ing on and on. (33b) *She may use(d) to go on and on. (33c) *She used (to) going on and on. (33d) She has kept working. (33e) *She has use(d) to work. . . . [M]any of the progressive aspectuals can also code a habitual sense. Thus, when in the past tense, they also code the habitual past. The modal auxiliary would can also be used to render the habitual past. This usage is probably more colloquial: (34a) One would come in and look around and . . . (34b) She would eat two loaves a day . . . (34c) Theyd work real hard for an hour, then quit and . . . There is a subtle semantic difference between used to and would, in that the former implies termination of the past habit, while the latter does not. (Talmy Givà ³n, English Grammar: A Function-Based Introduction. John Benjamins, 1993) Factors Influencing the Choice of Habitual-Past Forms The three main forms used to express habitual past situations in Englishused to, would and the simple pastare often, but not always, interchangeable. Various factors affecting the choice of form have been suggested in the literature, but few empirical investigations have been devoted to all three forms. One exception is a recent study by [Sali] Tagliamonte and [Helen] Lawrence [I Used to Dance . . . in Journal of English Linguistics 28: 324-353] (2000) who examined various factors influencing the choice of habitual form in a corpus of recorded British English conversations. Starting from the observation that the choice of expression is mainly determined by the interaction of two factors, the aktionsart of the verb (stative vs. dynamic) and some contextual indication of time (frequency or past time), they distinguish four basic habitual situations in which one, two, or all three variants seem to be permitted. . . . Using Comries definition to identify habitual situations in their corpus, Tagliamonte and Lawrence found that 70% of the situations were realised by the simple past, 19% by used to, 6% by would and the remaining 5% by various other constructions, such as the progressive form and combinations with verbs like tend to, keep (on), etc. . . . [I]n the situations examined, used to tended to be favored with 1st person subjects, when it occurred initially in a sequence of habitual events in discourse and when it did not occur in a sequence, but was disfavoured in negative clauses, with stative verbs, and with inanimate subjects. Would tended to be favored with 3rd person subjects, in situations of short duration, non-initially in sequences and (weakly) in negative clauses. The simple past tended to be favored in negative clauses, with stative verbs and inanimate subjects, sequence-internally, and (weakly) in situations of short duration and with frequency adverbials. (Bengt Altenberg, Expressing Past Habit in English and Swedish: A Corpus-Based Contrastive Study. Functional Perspectives on Grammar and Discourse: In Honour of Angela Downing, ed. by Christopher S. Butler, Raquel Hidalgo Downing, and Julia Lavid. John Benjamins, 2007)

Analysis of Research Methods, Client Relationship, Personal Evaluation Essay

Analysis of Research Methods, Client Relationship, Personal Evaluation - Essay Example The paper tells that with the advancement of technology and emergence of the concept of consumerism to the surface, customers have become ever more dominant and powerful in the marketplace. Nowadays all the companies shed off myopic ideas and try to incorporate consumer’s will in the decision making process. This is particularly important because customer satisfaction is the ultimate objective that leads to profitability and endurance in organizations. To attain stability, organizations spend millions of dollars today on their Research and Development departments to get the best and most accurate knowledge regarding consumer behaviour and expectations. This knowledge and information is utilized by organizations in improving their processes to meet the demands and requirements of the customers and thus deliver a â€Å"wow experience† every time the customer interacts with the offering. In other words, this shall not be exaggeration to state that, research is one of the k ey pillars to success of an organization, in the contemporary market dimensions. Any idea or tactic backed up by research findings is more durable and dependable then something that is implemented out of the blue. Research does not only assist organizations in deciding which route to success shall be adopted, in fact contingency measures and sporadic adjustments to deviations and evaluation of the implementation are some of the broad areas that are addressed at length by researches. (Thornton, 2010). Throughout the length of this paper various research methods will be analyzed through various perspectives and efforts will be made to develop an understanding of using research methods and findings in the most efficient manner possible. Analysis of Research Methods The above diagram is a representation of a general research process. Though 5 major steps are shown in the diagram in a systematic manner, but in real life scenario one stage may precede the other depending upon the requirem ents of the researchers and the nature of the research itself. While conducting our research we followed the above systematic flow of processes for data collection, analysis and reporting of its findings (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Research can be defined as a systematic investigative study conducted to discover answers to questions or solutions to prevalent or future dilemmas. In the commercial scenario, findings of a research may serve to make it or break it for the sponsors of the research. Bearing in mind the model provided in the figure then we see that the process initiates with the discovery of a problem or unanswered question. This is the phase of the research process that occurs voluntarily (Kumar, 2010). Any department of the company shall encounter a problem at any stage and this is completely unavoidable and inevitable (Collis, 2003). The stage that entails the discovery of a problem shall come to the surface unexpectedly and demand a solution on an immediate basis and th ings could be the other way round too. Therefore this can be said that moving on from one stage to another in the research process may vary from situation to situation (Blaxter et al, 2006). The stage proceeding Discover Stage is known as â€Å"Retrieve Stage†. Retrieve stage is a significant phase that shall be carried out with great care and technically sound staff. There are various methods utilizing which this phase can be surpassed. At this stage we were required to determine the sources from which data can be retrieved and the subsequent methodology to be adopted. There are two broad options that were available to the group to get the data from, Primary Resources and Secondary Resources (McBurney, 2009). Secondary resources are considered to be the best sources of information in case the problem that has to be resolved has occurred before in some other department of the company or may be in any other part of the world. Secondary data provides a sound basis to the resear chers to construct a framework based on the